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Chapter
2
Theories
of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan
1. Theories of development may seem
contradictory when taken together,:
a. so there
is little value in comparisons and most scientists focus on one major
explanation.
b. but the
ultimate evaluation of each is whether they explain most behavior completely.
c. and
therefore each must be accepted only relative to the others’ assumptions.
d. but each
may be useful as they focus on different perspectives.
Answer: D
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Comprehension
Difficulty:
Hard
2. Which of
the following is NOT a reason to use theories to understand human development?
a. Theories
help us to sort out and manage findings from numerous studies.
b. Theories
help us to sort out what is important and what inferences we can derive from
the data.
c. Theories help us focus our search for new
understandings.
d. Theories
help us to understand the science of human development but should not be used
in application.
Answer: D
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowldege
Difficulty:
Easy
3. Which of
the following is NOT listed in your text as an element of a good theory?
a. Good theories help us to explain how
findings can be interpreted.
b. Good theories help us to identify major
agreements among scholars.
c. Good theories help us to organize a huge
body of information.
d. Good theories help us to focus our search
for new understandings.
Answer: B
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty:
Medium
4. __________
provide an approach to development so that testable hypotheses may be
generated.
a. Principles
b. Concepts
c. Tenets
d. Theories
Answer: Introduction
Refer to: 28
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
5. A
critical component of a good theory is that it generates __________ ideas.
a. testable
b. comprehensive
c. popular
d. adaptive
Answer: A
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty:
Medium
6. A(n) __________
is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through research
to see if it has value for predicting behavior in specific situations.
a. proposal
b. theory
c. premise
d. hypothesis
Answer: D
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
7. The
difference between a theory and a hypothesis is:
a. theories
organize observed events into a potential explanation which then suggests
testable hypotheses
b. hypotheses
organize observed events into a potential explanation which then suggests
testable theories
c. both are “best guesses,” but theories are
more valid, because they can explain more elements of behavior
d. unimportant,
because the terms may be used interchangeably.
Answer: A
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Comprehension
Difficulty:
Hard
8. The definition of a(n) __________ is an
idea that develops based on information or evidence and so provides an
explanation for further predictions.
a. premise
b. tenet
c. statement
of significance
d. theory
Answer: D
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
9. What is
the ultimate goal of any theory?
a. To
further scientific inquiry and lead to applications for public policy and
social programs
b. To control future developmental research
c. To ensure
continued debate among developmental researchers
d. To
demonstrate that development occurs on a single, not multiple, level
Answer: A
Refer to: Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Medium
10. __________ is considered the “father of
modern psychology” by many.
a. Erik Erikson
b. John B.
Watson
c. William
James
d. Sigmund
Freud
Answer: D
Refer to: Psychoanalytic Theories
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
11. Freud is
recognized as a major role player in psychology because:
a. he
developed one of the first comprehensive theories of personality.
b. most
people recall his name when asked about psychology.
c. his
theories have withstood the test of time intact.
d. he
generated a number of testable hypotheses about the later stages of adulthood.
Answer: A
Refer to: Psychoanalytic Theories
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
12. Freud’s
definition of the __________ is a storage place for ideas and impulses below
our awareness that strongly influence our behavior.
a. subconscious
b. libido
c. ego
d. unconscious
Answer: D
Refer to: Psychoanalytic Theories
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
13. Although much of Freud’s approach to
development has been discarded, one area that persists is:
a. his insistence on genetics as an explanation
of behavior.
b. the notion that the mother has a pervasive
influence throughout life.
c. his assertion that the early years of
childhood play a decisive role in determining adult behavior.
d. his hypothesis that the interaction of
physiology and environment produce behavior.
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
14. Freud used the term __________ to describe
the psychic energy that empowered the structures of the mind.
a. superego
b. id
c. libido
d. mensa
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
15. According
to Freud, the term “libido” refers to the:
a. part of
the personality that adheres to the reality principle.
b. the
psychic censor.
c. force
behind self-destructive behaviors.
d. psychic
energy that feeds the structures of the mind.
Answer: D
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
16. What
psychic structure is present at birth and contains all of our basic instincts?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Psychic
censor
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
17. Four-year-old
Tammy has been told by her mother that she cannot have a lollipop and is now
stomping her feet and wailing. According to Freud, this type of behavior is
driven by the
a. superego.
b. ego.
c. id.
d. base
psyche.
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Easy
18. Of
Freud’s structures, which seeks only pleasure and is the simplest?
a. Ego
b. Id
c. Superego
d. Libido
Answer: B
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
19. What is
the developmental sequence of Freud’s structures of the psyche?
a. Superego,
id, ego
b. Ego, id,
superego
c. Id,
superego, ego
d. Id, ego, superego
Answer: D
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
20. Which of
the following is analogous to the ego?
a. Rational
thinker
b. Conscience
c. Pleasure-seeking
d. Bodily
instincts
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
21. Which
structure is the central part of our personality?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Psychic
censor
Answer: B
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Factual
22. What is
the main task of the ego?
a. To
instruct us in right and wrong
b. To pursue
bodily pleasures
c. To
compromise between the id and the superego
d. To guide
our unconscious thoughts
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
23. Karen is
torn. She feels she should volunteer her time on the weekends to the hospice
program, but she also would like to hang out with her friends and have a good
time. She decides to spend Sundays at the hospice and Saturdays with her
friends. According to Freud, Karen’s __________ helped her reach this
compromise.
a. id
b. superego
c. libido
d. ego
Answer: Freud’s Theory
Refer to: 30
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
24. What is
the main task of the superego?
a. To
instruct us in what is right and what is wrong
b. To pursue
bodily pleasures
c. To be
realistic
d. To
compromise between the id and the ego
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
25. At what
point does the superego develop?
a. It is
present at birth.
b. It begins
to develop from the moment of birth.
c. It begins
to develop toward the end of the first year.
d. It begins
to develop during adolescence.
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
26. Russell
cannot look at a woman without thinking about what it would be like to be
intimate with her; however, he always resists the impulse to be forward and
conducts himself like a gentleman. What is the force that prompts him to subdue
his baser instincts?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Alter-ego
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
27. Freud proposed __________ were necessary
strategies to reduce the anxiety caused by conflicts among the personality
structures.
a. fixations
b. crises
c. defense
mechanisms
d. discords
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Medium
28. According to Freud, completing each of his
proposed developmental stages requires:
a. appropriate levels of stimulation for age-specific
pleasure centers.
b. resolution of discrete crises.
c. attainment of cognitive milestones.
d. achievement of developmental tasks.
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
29. According to Freud, each stage of development
is based on a:
a. psychosocial
crisis.
b. sensitive
period.
c. pleasure
center.
d. defense
mechanism.
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
30. In Freud’s theory of development, if a person
becomes fixated at a particular stage:
a. that person will not be able to become a
fully mature person.
b. that person must skip that stage and come
back at a later date to resolve it.
c. that person will achieve a healthy role in
society.
d. they will inevitably develop undesirable
latent characteristics.
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Hard
31. Andrea tends to smoke too much, drink too
much, and has a biting wit. She does not
relate well to others and has neither been able to hold a steady job or keep a
potential suitor around for long. Freud
would argue that Andrea’s problems are due to:
a. a lack of a crisis resolution.
b. an
inability to overcome her genetic limitations.
c. an inertia related to her unfulfilled
libido.
d. fixation at an early stage of development.
Answer: D
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
32. Which of
the following is the correct sequence of Freud’s stages of development?
a. Phallic,
latency, oral, and genital
b. Phallic,
oral, anal, latency, and genital
c. Oral,
phallic, anal, latency, and genital
d. Oral,
anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Answer: D
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
33. How many developmental stages did Freud
propose?
a. Five
b. Seven
c. Eight
d. Four, but with overlapping transitions of
five years each
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
34. An infant is
in what stage of Freudian development?
a. Anal
b. Oral
c. Phallic
d. Latency
Answer: B
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
35. What is
the optimal outcome of Freud’s anal stage?
a. Acquisition
of sucking, biting, and eating skills
b. Healthy
development of sexual interest
c. Repression
of sexual feelings
d. Successful
toilet training
Answer: D
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
36. What is
the function of the phallic stage?
a. Healthy
development of sexual interest
b. Successful
toilet training
c. Attaining
bodily pleasures
d. Acquisition
of sucking, biting, and eating skills
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
37. During
what Freudian stage of development does sexual desire become dormant?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Latency
Answer: D
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
38. Uninterested in little girls his age,
9-year-old Ben prefers the company of the boys in the neighborhood. Ben is in the __________ stage according to Freud.
a. oral
b. latency
c. genital
d. novice
Answer: B
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
39. An
adolescent is in what Freudian stage of development?
a. Phallic
b. Oral
c. Genital
d. Latency
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
40. Walt has just begun to notice how attractive
his neighbor, Chelsea, is. It seems like
last spring he could barely stand to be around her, but now that they are both
beginning high school, she suddenly seems to have changed—for the better! Walt appears to be in Freud’s __________ stage.
a. genital
b. adolescent
c. latency
d. adult
Answer: A
Refer to: 30
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
41. A major
modification of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is:
a. emphasizing
the later stages of sexual behavior in development.
b. acknowledging
that even 10 year olds may be driven by pleasure centers.
c. replacing
the emphasis of sexual motivation with social influences.
d. dismissing
notions of influences of behavior that are below awareness.
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
42. Freud’s
theory of personality has fallen out of favor because of its emphasis on:
a. cultural ambiguities
b. social constructions.
c. genetic
determinism.
d. sex.
Answer: D
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
43. In the field
of cognitive neuroscience, memory system terms __________ and __________ have
been suggested as equal to Freud’s concepts of conscious and unconscious.
a. mental hierarchy; psyche
b. awareness; unawareness
c. explicit;
implicit
d. mechanical;
involuntary
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
44. Which
concepts of Freud’s theory have not been supported by cognitive neuroscience?
a. id, ego,
superego
b. conscious;
unconscious
c. defense
mechanisms
d. influences
on behavior of which we are unaware
Answer: A
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
45. Which of
the following is considered a major reason why Freud’s theory is considered
influential?
a. The
structures of the personality provide a solid framework for understanding
behavior.
b. The
importance of sexual motivation can be seen in the media.
c. It
provided the framework for understanding the importance of biopsychosocial
influences.
d. Freud’s
reliance on dream interpretation and hypnosis are important techniques used
today in the scientific investigation of development.
Answer: C
Refer to: Freud’s Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
46. Of the following theorists, who was most
directly influenced by Freud?
a. Erik Erikson
b. Jean Piaget
c. Daniel
Levinson
d. Richard
Lerner
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
47. According
to __________, each stage of life is marked by a psychosocial crisis.
a. Sigmund
Freud
b. Erik
Erikson
c. Daniel Levinson
d. Jean Piaget
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
48. Erik
Erikson argued that __________ were critical in development.
a. social experiences
b. psychosexual stages
c. anxiety
states
d. feelings
of adequacy
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
49. __________
based his developmental theory on observations of people from many cultures and
socioeconomic strata, and upon historical figures.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Jean Piaget
c. Erik Erikson
d. Daniel Levinson
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
50. A major
reason Erikson’s theory of development has remained influential was his
reliance on:
a. cross-cultural
and historical comparisons.
b. comprehensive
observation of his own children rather than relying on the memory of adults.
c. interviews
of middle-age adults from many socioeconomic strata.
d. reviews
of major theories in western cultures.
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
51. Erik
Erikson based his theory of development of which of the following populations?
a. Germans
b. East
Indians
c. Sioux of South Dakota
d. all of
these
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
52. Erikson
proposed that we must pass through __________ developmental stages during our
lifetime.
a. eight
b. seven
c. five
d. four, with 5-year transitional periods
between them
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
53. Each of
Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development is marked by some type of:
a. crisis.
b. defense
mechanism.
c. pleasure
center.
d. cognitive
resolve.
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
54. __________
is the main tension that individuals experience during resolution of Erikson’s
life stages.
a. Anxiety
b. Feeling
inferior
c. A life
crisis
d. Libido
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
55. For each
of Erikson’s stages of development, there is:
a. only one
potential outcome.
b. a
conflict between basic desires and social expectations, tempered by parental
standards.
c. either a
positive or a harmful resolution, which will determine your life course.
d. susceptibility
to negative outcomes as well as for great personal growth.
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
56. Eighteen-year-old
Tim feels pressured by internal needs and the external demands of society to
make a major change in a new direction, and so he decides to attend college.
Erikson termed these types of developmental situations:
a. sensitive
periods.
b. crises.
c. proximal
developmental periods.
d. defense
mechanisms.
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
57. Which of the following accurately reflects
Erikson’s view of the meaning of the word “trust” as applied to his first stage
of psychosocial development?
a. Safety
and happiness
b. Honesty
and integrity
c. Nurture
and dignity
d. Orderliness
and predictability
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
58. According
to Erikson, in order for an infant to gain trust, the world must be;
a. happy.
b. predictable
as well as safe.
c. rational.
d. nurturing.
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
59. Every day,
6-month-old Kiri is fed, bathed, and dressed on a schedule. Her world is
entirely predictable while her needs are met. If it remains so, according to
Erikson, Kiri will develop:
a. initiative.
b. trust.
c. autonomy.
d. identity.
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
60. The important
components of an infant’s life that must be provided by caretakers include
__________, according to Erikson.
a. warmth
b. care
c. discipline
d. all of
these
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
61. ___________ is the psychosocial strength that
an infant gains if she has learned to trust.
a. Hope
b. Willpower
c. Care
d. Fidelity
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
62. In Erikson’s
theory, what is the opposite outcome of autonomy?
a. Shame and
doubt
b. Guilt
c. Inferiority
d. Identity
confusion
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
63. Erikson’s
stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt corresponds with Freud’s __________ stage.
a. anal
b. phallic
c. oral
d. latency
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
64. Michele’s
parents are struggling with their daughter.
She is in the “terrible twos” and wants to do everything by
herself. Erikson would encourage them to
let her try new things, providing gentle support so that Michele will gain:
a. purpose.
b. care.
c. trust.
d. willpower.
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Medium
65. As Chelsea Chelsea Chelsea
a. She will
become fixated on details and become obsessive as an adult.
b. She will
know she is loved and protected and so will gain trust.
c. She will
become sloppy and disorganized as she knows someone will pick up after her.
d. She will
learn to doubt her abilities and become dependent on her parents.
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Hard
66. __________
is the psychosocial strength that a toddler gains if he has learned autonomy.
a. Hope
b. Will
c. Care
d. Fidelity
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
67. Erikson maintained
that __________ was particularly important as a symbolic way of dealing with
the world for children between the ages of four and five.
a. nurture
b. imitation
c. play
d. conceptualizing
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
68. For Erikson, the major strength to be gained
during the nursery or preschool stage of childhood is:
a. hope.
b. purpose.
c. willpower.
d. competence.
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
69. Lisa is 4½
years old. Her parents are fiercely competitive and want Lisa to succeed in
life. They continually push her toward new goals and achievements while giving
her very little time to relish the accomplishments she does make. If this
scenario persists, Lisa is in danger of leaving this period in her life with a
sense of:
a. mistrust.
b. isolation.
c. guilt.
d. despair.
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Medium
70. If Angela has emerged successfully from
Erikson’s stage of __________, she will be able to instigate activities with
her family and have a sense of purpose in her life.
a. trust versus mistrust
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt
c. initiative versus guilt
d. industry versus inferiority
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
71. In
Erickson’s stage dealing with initiative versus guilt, who carries the most
influence?
a. parents
b. family
c. friends
d. all of
these
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
72. Which of
Erikson’s psychosocial stages corresponds to the elementary school years?
a. Industry
versus inferiority
b. Initiative
versus guilt
c. Autonomy
versus shame and doubt
d. Identity
and repudiation versus identity confusion
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
73. Between
the ages of 6 and 11, children’s play becomes more purposeful, and they begin
to search for the information required to complete the tasks they set for
themselves. This in turn helps them develop a sense of:
a. identity.
b. intimacy.
c. initiative.
d. industry.
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty:
Easy
74. As he approaches fifth grade, Kyle believes
that he can handle whatever lies before him.
He is eager to see his old friends and tackle his new courses. According to Erikson, at this age Kyle has
appropriately achieved :
a. competence.
b. willpower.
c. trust.
d. a sense of identity.
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Medium
75. From the first day of school, Rhonda has felt
like she didn’t belong. It began when
her teacher criticized her because she had not gone to kindergarten and so was
behind the other children academically.
Erikson would predict that Rhonda will emerge from this developmental
stage with a sense of _________ if she does not receive support.
a. mistrust
b. inferiority
c. shame and doubt
d. guilt
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
76. In
Erikson’s theory, during __________, people develop a sense of who they are and
what they are moving toward in their life.
a. adolescence
b. middle
childhood
c. early
adulthood
d. middle
adulthood
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehensive
Difficulty: Medium
77. According
to Erikson, if a person does not make a successful transition through the
period of adolescence, he or she will develop a sense of:
a. guilt.
b. identity
confusion.
c. isolation.
d. inferiority.
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
78. Tyson has a good sense of self, even though
he is only 17 years old. He has friends
from many different groups and can tolerate their different viewpoints without
compromising his own beliefs. Erikson
would say that Tyson has achieved the psychosocial strength of:
a. care.
b. wisdom.
c. fidelity.
d. willpower.
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
79. Heather
has many friends in different cliques.
When she is in the Drama Club, she is vivacious and a bit wild. When she is with the Chess Club, she is quiet
and even introverted. She takes on the characteristics of whomever she is with
at the moment. If this tendency persists
past adolescence, Heather will fail to achieve the strength of:
a. care.
b. wisdom.
c. fidelity.
d. willpower.
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
80. Which
of the following is the negative outcome of the young adult years in Erikson’s
theory?
a. Isolation
b. Stagnation
c. Identity confusion
d. Inferiority
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
81. Paul is 23
and engaged to be married to his girlfriend, Sheila. Sheila is the first person
in his life he feels he can really confide in. Paul is developing a sense of:
a. objectivity.
b. generativity.
c. intimacy.
d. integrity.
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Medium
82. The psychosocial strength to be gained during
young adulthood is:
a. care.
b. fidelity.
c. love.
d. hope.
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
83. Maggie
can’t seem to keep a relationship going.
She was happy with Gil when they went camping and fishing until she met
Matt. Then she found room service to be better.
Then she met Harold, the professor, and suddenly it was better to be
involved in academics. Maggie can’t seem
to decide how to eat her eggs in the morning, so settling on a life partner is
overwhelming. Maggie has been engaged 8
times but never makes it to the altar.
According to Erikson, Maggie hasn’t achieved intimacy, because she did
not gain __________ earlier in her life.
a. love
b. care
c. wisdom
d. fidelity
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Hard
84. What, in
Erikson’s psychosocial theory, is the opposite characteristic of generativity?
a. Isolation
b. Despair
c. Stagnation
d. Identity
confusion
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
85. Forty-year-old
Tamara sponsored a fundraiser to educate the community on innovative recycling
techniques. She felt fulfilled in this as she was doing her part to make the
world a better place for her children. Which psychosocial stage is Tamara in?
a. Integrity
versus despair
b. Initiative
versus guilt
c. Industry
versus inferiority
d. Generativity
versus stagnation
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Easy
86. If an individual has passed through his or
her middle adulthood and successfully completed the relevant psychosocial
crisis, that person will have achieved:
a. competence.
b. generativity.
c. integrity.
d. solidarity.
Answer: B
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
87. __________ is the strength associated with
the psychosocial stage of middle adulthood.
a. Fidelity
b. Will
c. Care
d. Love
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
88. Stacy
chose not to have children so she could focus on her career. Now that she is 40, Stacy finds herself
unfulfilled at her job but doesn’t know what is missing in her life. Stacey is experiencing __________ according
to Erikson.
a. isolation
b. identity
confusion
c. despair
d. stagnation
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
89. Many
individuals of the “Boomer” generation chose not to marry or have
children. Erikson argued that this
generation will not achieve __________ now that they have reached middle age.
a. care
b. love
c. fidelity
d. purpose
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
90. Individuals
who, during late-adulthood, look back on their lives and consider them as well
spent have developed what Erikson referred to as a sense of:
a. trust.
b. autonomy.
c. solidarity.
d. integrity.
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
91. Seventy-year-old
Aaron feels as if he has lived a good life.
Perhaps there are a few things he wishes he could change, but overall he
is pretty sure he has left the world a better place than when he entered
it. According to Erikson, Aaron has
achieved:
a. self-actualization.
b. congruence with his ideal and real selves.
c. genitality.
d. wisdom.
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Medium
92. In the last stage of Erikson’s developmental
theory, if someone fails to achieve integrity, they are in danger of:
a. falling into despair.
b. becoming mistrustful.
c. stagnating.
d. feeling inferior.
Answer: A
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Factual
93. Clarice is in her late seventies and lives
in a retirement complex. She has a general disregard for her fellow residents
and rarely socializes. She also feels a sense of self-loathing and bitterness
about her life. In terms of psychosocial theory, Clarice has failed to develop:
a. generativity.
b. industry.
c. self-awareness.
d. integrity.
Answer: D
Refer to: Erikson’s
Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
94. Ebeneezer
has stopped attending family functions, as he is sure people only pretend to
like him for his money. He has no wife,
no children, and no friends. According
to Erikson, Ebeneezer is so obnoxious because:
a. people
have taken advantage of him.
b. he has
likely suffered from a stroke.
c. he is
terrified of dying, because he feels he has wasted the opportunities of his
life.
d. he gave
too much during his earlier years.
Answer: C
Refer to: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Hard
95. Piaget’s
greatest legacy is thought to be the attention he brought to the role of ___________
in development.
a. self-concept
b. cognitive mechanisms
c. genes
d. social factors
Answer: B
Refer to: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
96. __________
refers to the realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot
be seen, heard or touched.
a. Object permanence
b. Accommodation
c. Assimilation
d. Conservation
of mass
Answer: A
Refer to: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental
Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
97. Jonathan
is four months old and giggles uncontrollably every time his dad plays
peek-a-boo with him. This game is fun
for Jonathan because he lacks:
a. object
permanence.
b. conservation.
c. centration.
d. reversibility.
Answer: A
Refer to: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental
Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
98. Piaget
used the term __________ to describe the guidelines individuals use to organize
and adapt to their environments.
a. cognitive
structures
b. defense
mechanisms
c. formal
concepts
d. life
structures
Answer: A
Refer to: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
99. Piaget referred to __________ as blueprints
that enable us to organize and adapt to our world.
a. cognitive structures
b. internalized actions
c. neural networks
d. genotypes
Answer: A
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
100. How many
stages of development did Jean Piaget propose?
a. four, with 5-year transitional periods
b. four
c. five
d. eight
Answer: B
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
101. According to Piaget, human beings adapt to their
environments through:
a. schemas
and operations.
b. reflexes
and instincts.
c. analysis
and organization.
d. assimilation
and accommodation.
Answer: D
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
102. Fox is 2½ and
has just been introduced to snow for the first time. He will now develop a new
mental category in which to house the concept of snow. In Piaget’s theory this
process is called:
a. accommodation.
b. organization.
c. analysis.
d. assimilation.
Answer: D
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Medium
103. When we
adopt new ideas about the world, we are __________; whereas when we apply those
ideas to different aspects of our lives and, as a result, change our behavior,
we are __________.
a. organizing;
analyzing
b. assimilating;
accommodating
c. accommodating;
assimilating
d. analyzing;
organizing
Answer: B
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
104. __________ is the process by which we allow
new ideas to change our existing perspectives.
a. Assimilation
b. Analysis
c. Abstraction
d. Accommodation
Answer: D
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
105. Piaget
termed the process of developing a state of stability between the assimilation
and accommodation of information:
a. adaptation.
b. functional
invariation.
c. equilibration.
d. developing
schemas.
Answer: C
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
106. The most
important point in development for Piaget is that we change as a result of:
a. maturation.
b. growth.
c. learning.
d. resolving
tasks for each stage.
Answer: C
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
107. What
is the first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
a. Preoperational
b. Concrete operational
c. Sensorimotor
d. Formal operational
Answer: C
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
108. Piaget
argued that a baby’s concept of the world is based on:
a. what makes them feel the most pleasure.
b. what they are given.
c. whether or not they find predictability in
their environment.
d. what they can touch, taste, or see.
Answer: D
Refer to: 35
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
109. Little Allison
is 4 months old. She is just beginning
to use her body to form cognitive structures.
Piaget would say that she is in the __________ stage of development.
a. formal operational
b. industrious
c. preoperational
d. sensorimotor
Answer: D
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applied
Difficulty: Medium
110. During
Piaget’s __________ stage, an individual begins to use symbols and shows an
explosion in the number of vocabulary words they can use appropriately.
a. sensorimotor
b. prefunctional
c. concrete operational
d. preoperational
Answer: D
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
111. Jack understands that when two glasses have the
same amount of water, one doesn’t suddenly have more water just because the
water level is higher when it is poured into a taller, narrower glass. Jack is in the __________ stage.
a. sensorimotor
b. prefunctional
c. autonomous
d. concrete
operational
Answer: D
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Hard
112. Joy is 10
years old. Piaget would place her in the
__________stage of development.
a. concrete operational
b. sensorimotor
c. formal operational
d. preoperational
Answer: A
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
113. Using
Piaget’s theory of development as a model, which of the following individuals
would most likely be capable of abstract thought?
a. Conner,
who is 6 and has recently learned to ride a two-wheel bicycle.
b. Tamika,
who is 9 and has recently mastered her multiplication tables.
c. Darnell,
who will soon turn 12 and wants his own PC for his birthday.
d. Cora, who
is 8 and precocious for her age.
Answer: C
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
114. In
Piaget’s theory of development, __________ is the highest level of cognitive
functioning.
a. abstract
thought
b. concrete
operation
c. centration
d. equilibration
Answer: A
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
115. Lucas is
enrolled in trigonometry for the fall quarter.
If typical, in order to be successful in this class, Lucas should have
achieved __________ according to Piaget.
a. concrete
operations
b. object
conservation
c. formal
operations
d. linear
thought processes
Answer: C
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
116. In
Piaget’s theory of development, _________ are the organized patterns of thought
and action.
a. functional
invariants
b. mechanisms
c. schemes
d. applications
Answer: C
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
117. Piaget’s
schemes are most closely related to:
a. structure.
b. maturation.
c. abstraction.
d. organization.
Answer: D
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
118. While
Piaget focused on the individual in forming his theory of development, an
important component was:
a. the role of the environment.
b. the importance of inherited traits.
c. the effect of genes.
d. prenatal influences.
Answer: A
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
119. For
Piaget, children learned about the world primarily due to:
a. the
assistance adults gave them.
b. the
interaction of peers.
c. their own
experiences in testing their ideas about the world.
d. the
formal instruction that was given them in a classroom setting.
Answer: C
Refer to: Piaget’s Stages
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
120. Which of
the following developmental psychologists emphasized the role of culture in
development?
a. Lev
Vygotsky
b. Jean
Piaget
c. Sigmund
Freud
d. James
Watson
Answer: A
Refer to: Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
121. Which of
the following accurately represents the cultural framework model of cognitive
growth?
a. Children
grow cognitively by observation and assimilation.
b. Children’s
cognitive development is heavily dependent upon the reinforcement and
punishment they receive from their environment.
c. Children
develop cognitively through interactions with those around them.
d. Cognitive
development occurs in stages that are closely tied to maturation.
Answer: C
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
122. Vygotsky
used the term __________ processes for biological contributions to development.
a. proximal
b. elementary
c. ultimate
d. psychosocial
Answer: B
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
123. Children
are able to be potty-trained, because they have developed control of their anal
sphincters as well as matured sufficiently to understand what is being asked of
them. According to Vygotsky, this
milestone is due to __________ processes.
a. proximal
b. psychosocial
c. elementary
d. psychological
Answer: C
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
124. Vygotsky
used the term __________ processes for the sociocultural contributions to
development.
a. ultimate
b. psychological
c. immediate
d. psychosocial
Answer: B
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
125. According
to Vygotsky, children’s cognitive growth depends on:
a. their
triumph in understanding a problem on their own.
b. physical
maturation and psychological readiness.
c. assimilation
and accommodation.
d. their
interactions with those around them.
Answer: D
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
126. Vygotsky
identified dual paths of __________ development.
a. elementary
b. physical
c. social
d. cognitive
Answer: D
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
127. Which
theorist argued that biological processes are qualitatively transformed into
higher psychological functions by developmental processes?
a. Piaget
b. Vygotsky
c. Maslow
d. Freud
Answer: B
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
128. For
Vygotsky, interpsychological influences on development are based on:
a. self-talk
by the child.
b. interactions
with parents, teachers, and friends.
c. maturation
of cognitive processes.
d. rewarding
greater complexity of thought processes.
Answer: B
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
129. The
functional influence of __________ processes includes social exchanges with
others.
a. intrapsychological
b. intrapersonal
c. interpersonal
d. interpsychological
Answer: D
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
130. Shun is
learning to write his name. First, he
grabbed the crayon with his fist, but his older brother helped him hold it
between his fingers like a chopstick, so Shun was able to form the letters more
efficiently. This is an example of __________
processes in development.
a. intrapsychological
b. intrapersonal
c. interpersonal
d. interpsychological
Answer: D
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
131. The
functional influence of __________ processes includes inner speech to guide
behavior.
a. intrapsychological
b. intrapersonal
c. interpersonal
d. interpsychological
Answer: A
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
132. For
Vygotsky, intrapsychological influences on development are based on:
a. self-talk
by the child.
b. interactions
with parents, teachers and friends.
c. maturation
of cognitive processes.
d. rewarding
greater complexity of thought processes.
Answer: A
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
133. Magnus is
building a tower out of blocks. While he
builds, he mutters to himself as he reaches for the next block, deciding if it
will be a good fit or not. According to
Vygotsky, Magnus is relying on __________ processes.
a. intrapsychological
b. intrapersonal
c. interpersonal
d. interpsychological
Answer: A
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
134. Emma
likes to talk to herself while she plays with her stuffed animals. Her toy shark, Bruce, is particularly vocal
about his food choices. Emma’s parents
think this behavior contributes to self-absorption and so tell Emma to be
quiet. What is the likely outcome for
Emma, according to Vygotsky?
a. Emma
will develop autonomy.
b. Emma
will become less trusting of the world.
c. Emma
will become aggressive later.
d. Emma
will be stunted in her cognitive development.
Answer: D
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
135. For
Vygotsky, __________ is the process by which we take what we have observed and
incorporate it into our own behaviors.
a. internalization
b. accommodation
c. assimilation
d. scaffolding
Answer: A
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
136. In
Vygotsky’s perspective, the “most powerful tool” used by humans in the course
of intellectual development is:
a. abstract thought.
b. the use of constancies.
c. written communication.
d. speech.
Answer: D
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
137. Which of the following is a portion of
Vygotsky’s theory of development?
a. A child acts to regain equilibrium between
current levels of cognitive structures and external stimuli.
b. A child independently searches for data
needed to change cognitive structures.
c. There are two aspects to problem
solving: speech for “planful” behavior
and joint efforts with others.
d. Language emerges as cognitive structures
develop.
Answer:
C
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
138. __________
refers to what a child can do on their own versus what they can accomplish with
the assistance of an adult.
a. The zone
of proximal development
b. The
preintellectual range
c. The norm
or reaction range
d. Shaping
Answer: A
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
139. Gustavo is
trying to tie his shoes. His stubby
fingers make it hard to grasp the loops, but his mother patiently waits until
he gets the loop set and then assists him pull the lace through. This is an example of Vygotsky’s concept of:
a. shaping.
b. intrapsychological
processes.
c. the zone
of proximal development
d. elementary
processes.
Answer: C
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
140. __________
built upon Vygotsky’s work by incorporation anthropology and cultural
psychology into the investigation of development.
a. Richard Lerner
b. Nancy Galambos
c. Barbara Rogoff
d. Marie Montessori
Answer: C
Refer to: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
141. __________
theory is based on computers as a model of cognitive functioning.
a. Operant
conditioning
b. Classical
conditioning
c. Information-processing
d. Scaffolding
Answer: C
Refer to: Information-Processing Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
142. Which of
the following is not considered a stage theory of development?
a. Freud’s
theory of psychosexual development
b. Information-processing
theory
c. Piaget’s
theory of cognitive development
d. Vygotsky’s
theory of cognitive development
Answer: B
Refer to: Information-Processing Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
143. Who would
describe child as a “little scientist?”
a. Vygotsky
b. Skinner
c. Freud
d. Piaget
Answer: D
Refer to: Key Differences between Theories:
Piaget and Vygotsky
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
144. ___________ would argue that development is
based on “the social origins of the mind.”
a. Vygotsky
b. Piaget
c. Freud
d. all of
these
Answer: A
Refer to: Key Differences between Theories:
Piaget and Vygotsky
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
145. For
Piaget, language:
a. develops
as a result of the maturation of language acquisition device in the brain.
b. is a
result of self-talk.
c. is in the
context of intense tutoring by parents and other members of society.
d. emerges
as a result of development of other cognitive structures.
Answer: D
Refer to: Key Differences between Theories:
Piaget and Vygotsky
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
146. For
Vygotsky, __________ is a critical component of cognitive development.
a. the
language acquisition device
b. preintellectual
speech
c. equilibrium
d. schemas
Answer: B
Refer to: Key Differences between Theories:
Piaget and Vygotsky
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
147. For __________,
a child will tackle a problem by searching for data and then accommodating
cognitive structures, as needed, to reach a solution.
a. Piaget
b. Vygotsky
c. Skinner
d. Watson
Answer: A
Refer to: Key Differences between Theories:
Piaget and Vygotsky
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
148. In
Vygotsky’s theory of development, the two elements essential to problem solving
are:
a. positive
and negative reinforcement.
b. implicit
and explicit instructions.
c. accommodation
and assimilation.
d. speech
and assistance from others.
Answer: D
Refer to: Key Differences between Theories:
Piaget and Vygotsky
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
149. What is
the role of speech in problem solving for Vygotsky?
a. To gain
approval from others
b. To
organize cognitive changes for existing schemas
c. To
reinforce earlier connections
d. To figure
out what the next step should be
Answer: D
Refer to: Key Differences between Theories:
Piaget and Vygotsky
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
150. Which of
the following is not considered a contribution of cognitive theories of
development?
a. Recognizing
that people are active participants in their development
b. Identifying
the unconscious efforts to understand the world
c. Acknowledging
the influence of biological structures on interactions with social forces
d. Consideration
of the influence of social forces on biological structures
Answer: B
Refer to: Contributions and Criticism of
Cognitive Theories
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
151. A
criticism of Piaget’s approach to cognitive development was:
a. he
underestimated the ability of infants and young children.
b. he relied
too much on social context and not enough on genetics.
c. his model
of information processing was too simple in the context of today’s technology.
d. his focus
on individual variability did not allow generalization.
Answer: A
Refer to: Contributions and Criticism of
Cognitive Theories
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
152. __________
is the developmental approach that only can be observed and scientifically
measured should be studied.
a. Information
processing
b. Scaffolding
c. Interactionism
d. Behaviorism
Answer: D
Refer to: The Behavioral Approach
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
153. Of the
following, who would not be considered a proponent of behaviorism?
a. B.F.
Skinner
b. John
Watson
c. Albert Bandura
d. Jean Piaget
Answer: D
Refer to: Contributions and Criticism of
Cognitive Theories
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
154. Of the
following researchers, who would be most closely aligned with classical
conditioning?
a. Pavlov
and Watson
b. Pavlov
and Skinner
c. Pavlov
and Bandura
d. Skinner
and Bandura
Answer: A
Refer to: Pavlov’s and Watson’s Classical
Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
155. __________
is based on the concept that involuntary responses can be elicited through a
specific learning process.
a. Operant
conditioning
b. Observational
learning
c. Classical
conditioning
d. Modeling
Answer: C
Refer to: Pavlov’s and Watson’s Classical
Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
156. __________
ran the famous experiment pairing the salivary response in dogs with the sound
of a bell.
a. Skinner
b. Watson
c. Pavlov
d. Bandura
Answer: C
Refer to: Pavlov’s and Watson’s Classical
Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
157. John
Watson’s controversial study of “Little Albert” and other children was
important because it showed that fears can be:
a. the
result of hidden conflicts left over from early childhood.
b. conditioned
by pairing negative physical responses with the presence of learned objects.
c. eliminated
through the careful use of punishment.
d. inborn
and then manifested through manipulation of the environment.
Answer: B
Refer to: Pavlov’s and Watson’s Classical
Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
158. Three-year-old
Florian saw a spider and was immediately attracted to its quick movements. When his mother saw him reach for it, she
screamed. This scared Florian badly, and
now that he’s five years old, he is afraid of spiders. This explanation for phobias was demonstrated
by:
a. John
Watson.
b. Ivan
Pavlov.
c. B.F.
Skinner.
d. Albert
Bandura.
Answer: A
Refer to: Pavlov’s and Watson’s Classical
Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
159. Who is
credited with discovering the theory of operant conditioning?
a. Piaget
b. Skinner
c. Vygotsky
d. Bandura
Answer: B
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
160. The
fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that learning occurs as a result
of:
a. contiguity.
b. associations.
c. S-R pairings.
d. consequences.
Answer: D
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
161. According
to Skinner, what is the key to understanding behavior?
a. Punishment
b. The
environment
c.
Cognitive structures
d. The zone
of proximal development
Answer: B
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
162. As
shown by operant conditioning, in order for a behavior to be repeated, or
persist, it must be:
a. reinforced.
b. noticed.
c. associated
with a relevant stimulus.
d. learned
over a series of exposures.
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
163. In
Skinner’s view, a behavior is more likely to recur if it is:
a. positively or negatively reinforced.
b. positively reinforced.
c. negatively reinforced.
d. ignored.
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
164. __________
refers to any event that, when it occurs after a response, makes that response
more likely to happen in the future as coined by Skinner.
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Positive
reinforcement
c. Reward
d. Scaffolding
Answer: B
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Hard
165. According
to Skinner, __________ refers to any event that increases the probability of
the occurrence of a response.
a. reward
b. the unconditioned
stimulus
c. punishment
d. reinforcement
Answer: D
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
166. If a
parent wants to increase the likelihood that her son will work on his homework
and feed the dog, then her son’s behavior must be:
a. positively
or negatively reinforced.
b. positively
reinforced only.
c. negatively
reinforced only.
d. ignored.
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
167. When
9-month-old Hannah climbed to the top of the stairs, her parents praised her
and clapped their hands. This is an example of:
a. positive
reinforcement.
b. negative
reinforcement.
c. reward.
d. scaffolding.
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Easy
168. If Noah
wants his daughter to clean her room, with both of them being happy in the
process, he should use:
a. negative
reinforcement.
b. punishment.
c. coercion.
d. positive
reinforcement.
Answer: D
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Easy
169. Noah wants
his daughter to clean her room. He knows
she loves story time, so he tells her that if she cleans her room, he will read
a book with her. This is an example of:
a. positive
reinforcement.
b. negative
reinforcement.
c. scaffolding.
d. the zone
of proximal development.
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Easy
170. __________
refers to any event that, when it ceases to occur after a response, makes that
response more likely to happen in the future as coined by Skinner.
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Reward
d. Scaffolding
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Hard
171. __________
refers to those stimuli whose withdrawal increases the probability of the
reoccurrence of a response.
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Extinction
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
172. Bill had a
sore throat and took medicine to relieve the pain. When the throat ache
subsided, Bill was __________for taking medicine.
a. positively
reinforced
b. negatively
reinforced
c. punished
d. accommodated
Answer: B
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
173. Which of
the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a. Kyle is
late getting home, so his father grounds him for a week.
b. Greg
studies a great deal for his algebra test, but fails anyway.
c. Abigail
decides she doesn’t like Mark anymore, so she stops seeing him.
d. As soon
as his daughter begins cleaning her room, Noah stops nagging her.
Answer: D
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
174. Yelling at
your child until he complies with your demands is an example of:
a. positive
reinforcement.
b. negative
reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. all of these
Answer: B
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Application
Difficulty: Medium
175. In
Skinner’s view, a behavior is less likely to recur if it is:
a. reinforced.
b. acknowledged.
c. punished
or ignored.
d. rewarded.
Answer: C
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
176. According
to Skinner, __________ refers to any event that decreases the probability of
the occurrence of a response.
a. negative
reinforcement
b. extinction
c. shaping
d. punishment
Answer: D
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
177. Every time
Jessica started to whine, her mother pinches her. Now Jessica doesn’t whine, but she flinches
when she sees her mother. This is an
example of:
a. negative
reinforcement.
b. extinction.
c. punishment.
d. an
unconditioned response.
Answer: C
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
178. __________
a behavior is the method by which extinction decreases the probability of the
occurrence of a response.
a. Ignoring
b. Punishing
c. Rewarding
d. Shaping
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
179. Tania
wants her dog to stop biting her. So,
every time her dog attempts to bite her, she pulls her hand away and refuses to
look at the dog. As a result, the dog
stopped trying to bite Tania. This is an
example of:
a. punishment.
b. negative
reinforcement.
c. extinction.
d. scaffolding.
Answer: C
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Hard
180. Bandura
stresses the influence of __________ on personality development.
a. modeling
b. crisis
resolution
c. reinforcement
d. defense
mechanisms
Answer: A
Refer to: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
181. Who
proposed the social cognitive learning theory?
a. Skinner
b. Piaget
c. Erikson
d. Bandura
Answer: D
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
182. What does
observational learning mean?
a. We learn
from watching others.
b. Developmental
theories are tested by observing human subjects.
c. All
developmental theories originate from observation.
d. It refers
to observation of research subjects in natural settings.
Answer: A
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
183. __________
would most strongly disagree with the statement “Children learn from what you
say, not what you do.”
a. Jean Piaget
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Uri Bronfenbrenner
d. Albert Bandura
Answer: D
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
184. After
several months of refusing to do so, Elsie now shares her toys with her sister.
Which of the following theories would suggest Elsie learned this behavior by
watching others share?
a. Operant
conditioning theory
b. Social
cognitive learning theory
c. Vygotsky’s
theory of development
d. Hierarchy
of needs
Answer: B
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Easy
185. Which of
the following is NOT a premise of social cognitive learning theory?
a. New responses may be acquired by passive
observation.
b. A person learns most effectively by being
directly reinforced.
c. Observation of a model may cause the
reappearance of responses that had been absent.
d. Children learn by observing the consequences
others receive based on their actions.
Answer: B
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
186. Which of
the following statements regarding Bandura’s research on modeling and aggression
is accurate?
a. Children
exposed to all of the models of aggression were more aggressive than the
control group.
b. Only
those children exposed to the live models were more aggressive than the control
group.
c. Only
those children exposed to the filmed models were more aggressive than the
control group.
d. None of
the groups exhibited more aggression than the control group.
Answer: A
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
187. Self-efficacy in social cognitive theory
refers to:
a. a growing sense of personal identity.
b. the range of abilities that one demonstrates
when given extra help.
c. being a good role model for others.
d. the belief that one’s actions will achieve
one’s goals.
Answer: D
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
188. Reid is a
well-adjusted 9-year-old. His parents
have given him age-appropriate tasks and have modeled successful problem
solving. According to social cognitive
theory, Reid is likely to develop:
a. individuation.
b. self-efficacy.
c. a strong identity.
d. a sense of initiative.
Answer: B
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
189. “I make my
own luck; I don’t wait for the dice to roll my way.” This statement reflects:
a. learned
helplessness.
b. unconditional
positive regard.
c. operant
conditioning
d. a strong
sense of self-efficacy.
Answer: D
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Hard
190. Why has
operant conditioning disappeared from the mainstream of modern science?
a. It
focuses too much on genetic contributions to behavior.
b. It
focuses too much on the role of cognitive structures in the creation of
behavior.
c. It
dismisses the role of the biological in the nature-nurture interaction.
d. It
dismisses the role of the social in the nature-nurture interaction.
Answer: C
Refer to: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Medium
191. __________
refers to the fact that we respond to those around us in a way that causes them
to change.
a. Reciprocal interactions
b. Observational
learning
c. Reinforcement
d. Cognitive
structures
Answer: A
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
192. Misaki
became afraid of a strange noise she heard, so she crawled over to her father
and reached for him. He smiled and
picked her up, which made her smile and snuggle closer to him and became
calm. According to the bioecological
model, this is an example of:
a. modeling.
b. observational
learning.
c. self-efficacy.
d. reciprocal
interactions.
Answer: D
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Easy
193. Bidirectional
influences rely on which of the following?
a. Heredity only
b. Environment
only
c. Both
environment and heredity
d. Neither
environment nor heredity
Answer: C
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
194. Who
created the bioecological model of development?
a. B.F. Skinner
b. Uri Bronfenbrenner
c. Albert Bandura
d. Jean Piaget
Answer: B
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
195. In the
bioecological model, __________ is synonymous with reciprocal interactions.
a. proximal
processes
b. the
chronosystem
c. epigenetics
d. interactionism
Answer: A
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
196. Which of
the following is NOT a component of the bioecological model?
a. Context
b. Time
c. Person
d. Observation
Answer: D
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
197. Carolyn
plays with her neighbor in the backyard, creating an imaginary world full of
wizards and dwarfs. This would
correspond with which component of the bioecological model?
a. Proximal
processes
b. Time
c. Context
d. Person
Answer: A
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applied
Difficulty: Medium
198. The __________
refers to the innermost environmental system according to the bioecological
model.
a. macrosystem
b. exosystem
c. microsystem
d. mesosystem
Answer: C
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
199. Mathilde
is anxious when she is at home, because she never knows when her parents are
going to get into a fight with one of them storming out of the house. Mathilde is lacking security in the __________
of her environment.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: A
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
200. The __________
refers to the relationship among the microsystems of the bioecological model.
a. macrosystem
b. exosystem
c. mesosystem
d. endosystem
Answer: C
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
201. Randy’s
parents talk with his teachers often to make sure they know what he is learning
in school and how he is doing there.
According to the bioecological model, Randy has a healthy:
a. macrosystem.
b. mesosystem.
c. chronosystem.
d. exosystem.
Answer: B
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
202. The __________
is the environmental layer in which an individual is not actually present, but
it influences them anyway.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: C
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
203. Mathis’s
father, Enzo, is having difficulty with his boss. As a result, Enzo is angry when he comes
home. He has stopped playing with little
Mathis and tends to sit in his chair staring at the television. Enzo’s work situation is part of Mathis’s:
a. exosystem.
b. endosystem.
c. macrosystem.
d. microsystem.
Answer: A
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Hard
204. Which of
the following corresponds to a society’s larger culture?
a. Exosystem
b. Macrosystem
c. Microsystem
d. Mesosystem
Answer: B
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
205. Lily lives
in Australia , where she
enjoys freedoms that little girls in other countries, like Afghanistan
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: D
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Hard
206. In the
bioecological model, the interaction of the various systems overtime is called
the:
a. endosystem.
b. macrosystem.
c. exosystem.
d. chronosystem.
Answer: D
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
207. The
critical component in the bioecological model for development is:
a. context.
b. consequences.
c. genetics.
d. modeling.
Answer: A
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
208. Which of
the following is support for the importance of the bioecological model?
a. Genetic
expression is influenced by experience.
b. The same
genetic factors may be involved in different behaviors.
c. Environmental
effects can be found in every level of the expression of biological traits.
d. all of
these
Answer: D
Refer to: A Bioecological Model
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty:
Easy
209. Which of the following is a criticism of early
developmental theorists like Freud and Piaget?
a. They all tend to be one-dimensional in their
approaches.
b. They all integrated too many different
developmental potentialities into their theories.
c. They all relied too heavily on subjective
interpretation and were not data driven.
d. None of the early theories are relevant in
any fashion to the developmental process today.
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Theory: Current Status and
Future Directions
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehensive
Difficulty: Medium
210. Currently,
developmental psychologists analyze the developmental process on four
levels: genetic, behavioral,
environmental, and:
a. neural.
b. contextual.
c. cultural.
d. historical.
Answer: A
Refer to: Interactions among Levels of Development
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
211. Modern
developmental psychologists, such as Gilbert Gottlieb and Richard Lerner,
analyze development in terms of:
a. the
interactions among genetic, neural, behavioral, and environmental levels.
b. the role
genetics plays in development.
c. the role
behavior plays in shaping development.
d. the
interaction between cultural and behavioral processes.
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
212. Which of
the following individuals is associated with developmental contextualism?
a. Albert
Bandura
b. Richard
Hernstein
c. Richard Lerner
d. Jean Piaget
Answer: C
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
213. Which of
the following individuals is associated with developmental systems theory?
a. Erik
Erikson
b. Gilbert
Gottlieb
c. Abraham
Maslow
d. Albert
Bandura
Answer: B
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
214. A key
component of developmental contextualism is the emphasis on:
a. proximal processes in determining who we
become.
b. reciprocal interactions between all of an
individual’s characteristics and the environment.
c. ultimate causation as the source of
variation in individual differences.
d. acknowledging the separate, if equal,
contributions of genes and rearing to our growth.
Answer: B
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
215. The theory
of developmental contextualism encompasses the notion that:
a. all of an
individual’s characteristics function by reciprocal interactions with the
environment.
b. socialization
and acculturation are the main influences in development.
c. developmental
influences are in large part inherited.
d. an
individual’s behavior is the predominant force in his or her development.
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
216. According
to developmental systems theory, which level of organization is the primary
causal influence on behavior and development?
a. Genetic
b. Neural
c. Environmental
d. none of
these
Answer: D
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
217. __________
refers to a series of socially defined, age-graded events and roles that
individuals enact over time.
a. Observational
learning
b. Developmental
contextualism
c. Operational
development
d. Life
Course Theory
Answer: D
Refer to: Unique Theories of Development
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
218. __________
proposed the idea of Life Course Theory, which refers to a sequence of socially
defined, age-graded events that people enact over the course of their lives.
a. Glen
Elder
b. Albert
Bandura
c. Richard
Lerner
d. Gilbert
Gottlieb
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
219. __________
argues that development is influenced by biological events as well as changing
social and historical conditions.
a. Social Ecological Theory
b. Social Evolutionary Theory
c. Life Course Theory
d. Sociobiology
Answer: Developmental Systems Theory
Refer to: 44
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
220. The
publication of __________ was important in the recognition that natural selection
was the basic principle of changes that contribute to both physiological and
psychological development.
a. Principles
of Psychology
b. The
Behavior of Organisms
c. Beyond
Freedom and Dignity
d. On
the Origin of Species
Answer: D
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
221. __________
study how genes are expressed during development and how the context of that
development influences the expression of genetic action in an adaptive way.
a. Biological psychologists
b. Evolutionary psychologists
c. Social
psychologists
d. Developmental
psychologists
Answer: B
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
222. Darwin
a. blending
theory
b. terminal
addition
c. natural
selection
d. acquired
characteristics
Answer: C
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
223. An important
conclusion that emerged from evolutionary developmental psychology and the
cognitive revolution is:
a. “Biology
is not destiny.”
b. “I
reason, therefore I survive.”
c. “Do what
I do, not what I say.”
d. “The
environment is everything.”
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
224. __________
is associated with humanistic psychology.
a. Uri
Bronfenbrenner
b. Abraham
Maslow
c. Jean
Piaget
d. Robert
Lickliter
Answer: B
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
225. The focus
of the humanistic approach to development is:
a. acquiring
integrity.
b. adaptation.
c. achieving
one’s potential.
d. mastering
the macrosystem.
Answer: C
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
226. How many
needs are there according to Maslow?
a. Two
b. Three
c. Five
d. Seven
Answer: C
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
227. According to Maslow, how many people will
reach self-actualization?
a. 1%
b. 2%
c. 25%
d. nearly
everyone, given the right circumstances
Answer: B
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
228. In
Maslow’s hierarchy, the most basic of needs are:
a. physiological.
b. self-actualization.
c. esteem.
d. love
and belonging.
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
229. Joshua is
always fed a nutritious breakfast before he heads off to school. His parents also make sure he gets enough
sleep. According to Maslow, Joshua’s __________
needs are being met.
a. safety
b. love and
belonging
c. esteem
d. physiological
Answer: D
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
230. The second
level of Maslow’s hierarchy deals with __________ needs.
a. safety
b. love and
belonging
c. esteem
d. physiological
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
231. __________
needs are based on security, protection, and stability.
a. Safety
b. Love and
belonging
c. Esteem
d. Physiological
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
232. Pedro was
a passenger on a bus that overturned.
While others scrambled for the windows to escape the wreckage, Pedro
stayed to help the people who couldn’t get out on their own. Pedro is ignoring his __________ needs
according to Maslow.
a. physiological
b. comfort
c. safety
d. belonging
Answer: C
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
233. The third
level of Maslow’s hierarchy deals with __________ needs.
a. love and
belonging
b. safety
c. esteem
d. comfort
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
234. __________
needs are based on the importance of social connections and relationships with
others.
a. Love and
belonging
b. Safety
c. Esteem
d. Self-actualization
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
235. Takumia is
a successful executive. He enjoys
socializing with his colleagues but could not call any of them friends in the
true sense. Takumia is struggling with __________
needs in Maslow’s theory.
a. safety
b. esteem
c. love and
belonging
d. self-actualization
Answer: C
Refer to: 46 Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
236. In
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, __________ refers to the opinion we have of our self
as well as what others think of us.
a. esteem
b. safety
c. love and
belonging
d. self-actualization
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
237. Laura has
trouble accepting that her peers respect her productivity and efficiency. Her family loves her but wishes she could
spend more time with them, rather than at work during the week nights. Laura has not dealt with her __________ needs.
a. esteem
b. love and
belonging
c. safety
d. comfort
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty: Medium
238. __________
refers to the emotional state of realizing we have accomplished all that we had
intended.
a. Esteem
b. Belongingness
c. Self-actualization
d. Unconditional
positive regard
Answer: C
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
239. The last
stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is:
a. self-actualization.
b. unconditional
positive regard.
c. peak
achievement.
d. self-efficacy.
Answer: A
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Knowledge
Difficulty:
Easy
240. Charles is
a successful doctor with a loving family and a nice house. However, he feels restless and anxious, because he feels
he is capable of doing much more with his life.
According to Maslow, which need is Charles still working on?
a. Esteem
b. Safety
c. Love and
belonging
d. Self-actualization
Answer: D
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application
Difficulty:
Medium
241. Maslow’s
concept of self-actualization is related to Erikson’s outcome of:
a. trust.
b. generativity.
c. moratorium.
d. psychosocial
crisis.
Answer: B
Refer to: Developmental Systems Theory
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
242. What was
the main conclusion of the “From Neurons to Neighbors” study by the National
Research Council Institute of Medicine (2000)?
a. The
importance of the Human Genome Project in understanding development
b. The
critical time for interventions is early adolescence, so resources must be
concentrated there
c. Society’s
investment in children will have long-term benefits for society
d. Freud was
correct in development tends to be set in early childhood, with minimal change
throughout the rest of the lifespan
Answer: C
Refer to: From Neurons to Neighborhoods
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
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