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Chapter 02
The Search for Ultimate Reality
True / False Questions
1. Philosophical questions about the nature of reality
fall under the heading of metaphysics.
TRUE
TRUE
2. According to your text, a metaphysical idealist is
a person who is very optimistic.
FALSE
FALSE
3. Metaphysical materialism is a form of
dualism.
FALSE
FALSE
4. Your text said that fundamental reality is that
upon which everything else depends.
TRUE
TRUE
5. Hugh Elliot's story of "Tantalus" was
meant to illustrate the fact that are thoughts are the product of a nonphysical
mind.
FALSE
FALSE
6. Descartes's position on the mind-body issue is a
form of metaphysical dualism.
TRUE
TRUE
7. René Descartes was more certain about the existence
of his mind than the existence of his body.
TRUE
TRUE
8. Descartes believed that the mind and body interact
in the pineal gland.
TRUE
TRUE
9. David Chalmers argued that physicalism is
false.
TRUE
TRUE
10. According to your text, the principle of Ockham's
razor lends support to the dualist.
FALSE
FALSE
11. In Jeffrey Olen's story about the watch, the
people who thought a gremlin caused the watch to move represent mind-body
interactionists.
TRUE
TRUE
12. Identity theory claims that the mind is identical
to a nonphysical substance that is separate from the brain.
FALSE
FALSE
13. The functionalist denies that mental states are
necessarily identical to brain states.
TRUE
TRUE
14. The functionalist denies that mental states can
function as the causes of behavior.
FALSE
FALSE
15. The position of functionalism is incompatible with
the strong artificial intelligence position.
FALSE
FALSE
16. René Descartes believed that someday machines
would become intelligent.
FALSE
FALSE
17. Descartes argued that understanding language can
be used as a criterion for identifying genuine intelligence.
TRUE
TRUE
18. The strong AI thesis claims that it is possible
for a computer to have cognitive states.
TRUE
TRUE
19. John Searle's Chinese room argument attempted to
refute physicalism.
FALSE
FALSE
20. Searle maintained that there is a difference
between simulating cognition and duplicating it.
TRUE
TRUE
21. The libertarian rejects the thesis of universal
causation.
TRUE
TRUE
22. The hard determinist and the libertarian both
agree that if our choices are inevitable, then there is no moral
responsibility.
TRUE
TRUE
23. The hard determinists are claiming that only their
behavior is determined, but they are making no claims about your
behavior.
FALSE
FALSE
24. The compatibilist claims that we are not 100%
determined in our behavior.
FALSE
FALSE
25. The compatibilist claims that your desires,
values, and motives play no role in explaining your behavior.
FALSE
FALSE
26. The compatibilist differs with the hard
determinist over whether or not any of our actions can meaningfully be said to
be free.
TRUE
TRUE
27. The libertarian would agree with the compatibilist
on the definition of "free actions."
FALSE
FALSE
28. Some determinists believe that it is God who
determines all events.
TRUE
TRUE
29. All determinists believe that everything that
happens in the world is the result of a benevolent, purposeful plan.
FALSE
FALSE
30. The determinist believes that your actions would
be perfectly predictable if one knew all the causes acting upon you.
TRUE
TRUE
31. According to agency theory, event-causation
describes events that are determined.
TRUE
TRUE
32. Richard Taylor's agency theory is a form of
libertarianism.
TRUE
TRUE
33. To be a libertarian, one must deny that human
actions are ever the result of previous causes.
FALSE
FALSE
34. Jean-Paul Sartre claims that the emotions we
express are the result of our free choices.
TRUE
TRUE
35. According to Sartre, "transcendence"
refers to the fact that our lives are defined by the possibilities we face and
the choices we make.
TRUE
TRUE
36. The compatibilist claims that a voluntary action
is one which lacks determining causes.
FALSE
FALSE
37. According to the compatibilist, we cannot be
morally responsible for actions which are determined.
FALSE
FALSE
Multiple Choice Questions
38. Which of the following metaphysical issues
was/were addressed by the ancient Greek philosophers?
A. the problem of permanence and change
B. the problem of appearance and reality
C. the nature of the self
D. all of the above.
A. the problem of permanence and change
B. the problem of appearance and reality
C. the nature of the self
D. all of the above.
39. The two kinds of monism are
A. atheism and theism.
B. materialism and idealism.
C. empiricism and rationalism.
D. freedom and determinism.
A. atheism and theism.
B. materialism and idealism.
C. empiricism and rationalism.
D. freedom and determinism.
40. The principle of Ockham's razor says that we
should
A. eliminate unnecessary entities in our theories.
B. shave off all beliefs that will not lead to the improvement of our soul.
C. make our definitions as sharp and precise as possible.
D. divide mental events and physical events into two separate categories.
A. eliminate unnecessary entities in our theories.
B. shave off all beliefs that will not lead to the improvement of our soul.
C. make our definitions as sharp and precise as possible.
D. divide mental events and physical events into two separate categories.
41. The area of metaphysics that asks the question
"What is most fundamentally real?" is called
A. epistemology.
B. metaphysical realism.
C. ontology.
D. philosophy of science.
A. epistemology.
B. metaphysical realism.
C. ontology.
D. philosophy of science.
42. René Descartes's version of dualism is known
as
A. eliminativism.
B. physicalism.
C. interactionism.
D. idealism.
A. eliminativism.
B. physicalism.
C. interactionism.
D. idealism.
43. Which of the following were arguments which
Descartes used to support his dualism?
A. I can doubt my body, but not my mind.
B. The mind is conscious, but physical things cannot be conscious.
C. One part of reality is made up of physical substances; the other part is spiritual substances.
D. all of the above
A. I can doubt my body, but not my mind.
B. The mind is conscious, but physical things cannot be conscious.
C. One part of reality is made up of physical substances; the other part is spiritual substances.
D. all of the above
44. According to your text, Descartes's compromise was
an attempt to reconcile
A. the scientific and religious views of the world.
B. the Roman Catholic and the Protestant churches.
C. Platonic and Christian views of the soul.
D. rationalism and empiricism.
A. the scientific and religious views of the world.
B. the Roman Catholic and the Protestant churches.
C. Platonic and Christian views of the soul.
D. rationalism and empiricism.
45. According to David Chalmers, consciousness
A. cannot be reduced to or explained in terms of physical processes.
B. is not a fundamental feature of reality.
C. and subjective experiences do not exist.
D. can be identified with and reduced to physical processes in the brain.
A. cannot be reduced to or explained in terms of physical processes.
B. is not a fundamental feature of reality.
C. and subjective experiences do not exist.
D. can be identified with and reduced to physical processes in the brain.
46. The significance of the account about Phineas Gage
was that
A. he had extra-sensory perception that could not be explained by science.
B. changes in his body produced no changes in his mental life.
C. his mind was able to overcome the limitations of his body.
D. damage to his brain caused a change to his personality.
A. he had extra-sensory perception that could not be explained by science.
B. changes in his body produced no changes in his mental life.
C. his mind was able to overcome the limitations of his body.
D. damage to his brain caused a change to his personality.
47. R. Buckminster Fuller's answer to the question
"What's a man?" illustrates the position of
A. physicalism.
B. dualism.
C. idealism.
D. interactionism.
A. physicalism.
B. dualism.
C. idealism.
D. interactionism.
48. Which of the following is a criticism the
physicalist makes of dualism?
A. The dualist cannot adequately explain where mind-body interaction takes place.
B. The dualist cannot explain how mind-body interaction takes place.
C. Dualism violates the principle of the conservation of energy.
D. all of the above
A. The dualist cannot adequately explain where mind-body interaction takes place.
B. The dualist cannot explain how mind-body interaction takes place.
C. Dualism violates the principle of the conservation of energy.
D. all of the above
49. Which one of the following is a version of
physicalism?
A. dualism
B. interactionism
C. identity theory
D. idealism
A. dualism
B. interactionism
C. identity theory
D. idealism
50. The position that claims that the terms
"beliefs," "thoughts," and "desires" refer to
nothing at all is called
A. identity theory.
B. eliminativism.
C. dualism.
D. idealism.
A. identity theory.
B. eliminativism.
C. dualism.
D. idealism.
51. According to Jeffrey Olen's essay, the identity
theorist claims that pain is
A. identical to a particular kind of brain event.
B. identical to a kind of nonphysical object.
C. identical to a kind of nonphysical event.
D. a mysterious phenomenon which cannot be explained by any of the philosophies of mind.
A. identical to a particular kind of brain event.
B. identical to a kind of nonphysical object.
C. identical to a kind of nonphysical event.
D. a mysterious phenomenon which cannot be explained by any of the philosophies of mind.
52. The term "folk psychology" is used by
the physicalist to
A. ridicule the attempt to explain human experience in terms of beliefs, desires, and fears.
B. refer to the science of reducing mental events to brain events.
C. describe the legitimate science of explaining the growth and functioning of social groups.
D. refer to that part of human psychology that is independent of the brain.
A. ridicule the attempt to explain human experience in terms of beliefs, desires, and fears.
B. refer to the science of reducing mental events to brain events.
C. describe the legitimate science of explaining the growth and functioning of social groups.
D. refer to that part of human psychology that is independent of the brain.
53. "Multiple realizability" refers to
A. people who have many different personalities.
B. the claim that there are many different kinds of realities.
C. the claim that there are multiple and equally correct views of reality.
D. the fact that the same pattern can be embodied in different physical media.
A. people who have many different personalities.
B. the claim that there are many different kinds of realities.
C. the claim that there are multiple and equally correct views of reality.
D. the fact that the same pattern can be embodied in different physical media.
54. In your text, the position defended by Jerry Fodor
was
A. identity theory.
B. eliminativism.
C. functionalism.
D. dualism.
A. identity theory.
B. eliminativism.
C. functionalism.
D. dualism.
55. Which of the following statements would a
functionalist affirm?
A. A computer could never have mental states, because it lacks an immaterial mind.
B. To have mental states like ours, it is necessary to have a brain like ours.
C. We will never be able to eliminate mentalistic concepts from our psychological theories.
D. all of the above
A. A computer could never have mental states, because it lacks an immaterial mind.
B. To have mental states like ours, it is necessary to have a brain like ours.
C. We will never be able to eliminate mentalistic concepts from our psychological theories.
D. all of the above
56. Which of the following statements would a
functionalist affirm?
A. Mental states are defined in terms of the causal role they play.
B. Mental states are not defined in terms of the underlying substance in which they are found.
C. Mental states can cause both other mental states and bodily states.
D. all of the above
A. Mental states are defined in terms of the causal role they play.
B. Mental states are not defined in terms of the underlying substance in which they are found.
C. Mental states can cause both other mental states and bodily states.
D. all of the above
57. The Turing Test is an attempt to determine
A. the level of intelligence of an average human being.
B. whether or not a computer has achieved intelligence.
C. whether or not a particular mental state is produced by a particular brain state.
D. when it is ethical to use computers to make important decisions.
A. the level of intelligence of an average human being.
B. whether or not a computer has achieved intelligence.
C. whether or not a particular mental state is produced by a particular brain state.
D. when it is ethical to use computers to make important decisions.
58. Marvin Minsky defended the position represented
by
A. the strong AI thesis.
B. Cartesian dualism.
C. John Searle's Chinese room argument.
D. Edgar Allen Poe's attack on machine intelligence.
A. the strong AI thesis.
B. Cartesian dualism.
C. John Searle's Chinese room argument.
D. Edgar Allen Poe's attack on machine intelligence.
59. John Searle's Chinese room argument attempts to
show that
A. computers are capable of translating foreign languages into English.
B. computers will never be able to simulate conversations.
C. it is likely that computers will some day be as intelligent as humans.
D. passing the Turing Test is not a sufficient criterion for intelligence.
A. computers are capable of translating foreign languages into English.
B. computers will never be able to simulate conversations.
C. it is likely that computers will some day be as intelligent as humans.
D. passing the Turing Test is not a sufficient criterion for intelligence.
60. The text referred to the type of freedom we have
when our actions are not limited by external forces or obstacles as
A. circumstantial freedom.
B. metaphysical freedom.
C. existential freedom.
D. moral freedom.
A. circumstantial freedom.
B. metaphysical freedom.
C. existential freedom.
D. moral freedom.
61. The position that claims we have metaphysical
freedom is
A. hard determinism.
B. compatibilism.
C. incompatibilism.
D. libertarianism.
A. hard determinism.
B. compatibilism.
C. incompatibilism.
D. libertarianism.
62. The hard determinist and the libertarian both
believe that
A. compatibilism is true.
B. incompatibilism is true.
C. universal causation is true.
D. we have moral responsibility.
A. compatibilism is true.
B. incompatibilism is true.
C. universal causation is true.
D. we have moral responsibility.
63. The libertarian and the compatibilist both believe
that
A. universal causation is true.
B. we have metaphysical freedom.
C. we have moral responsibility.
D. we can be determined and free.
A. universal causation is true.
B. we have metaphysical freedom.
C. we have moral responsibility.
D. we can be determined and free.
64. By definition, the compatibilist believes that
_________ and __________ are compatible.
A. science/religion
B. universal causation/metaphysical freedom
C. hard determinism/moral responsibility
D. determinism/free will
A. science/religion
B. universal causation/metaphysical freedom
C. hard determinism/moral responsibility
D. determinism/free will
65. Which of the following is a criticism the hard
determinist would make of the libertarian?
A. The libertarian believes in the absurd position of incompatibilism.
B. Libertarianism is in conflict with the scientific view of the world.
C. The libertarian believes in the problematic universal causation thesis.
D. all of the above
A. The libertarian believes in the absurd position of incompatibilism.
B. Libertarianism is in conflict with the scientific view of the world.
C. The libertarian believes in the problematic universal causation thesis.
D. all of the above
66. The determinist says that the activity of
deliberation occurs when
A. our will is suspended between two causes that pull us in opposite directions.
B. our behavior is free from any determining causes at all.
C. we are determined to act in one way, but the will freely struggles to act in another way.
D. we are determined to act in one way, but our reason struggles to overcome the causes acting on us.
A. our will is suspended between two causes that pull us in opposite directions.
B. our behavior is free from any determining causes at all.
C. we are determined to act in one way, but the will freely struggles to act in another way.
D. we are determined to act in one way, but our reason struggles to overcome the causes acting on us.
67. Concerning the behavior of the criminal, the hard
determinist would say
A. the criminal behavior was the inevitable result of previous causes.
B. the criminal cannot be held morally responsible for his or her behavior.
C. the criminal should receive psychological treatment, not punishment.
D. all of the above
A. the criminal behavior was the inevitable result of previous causes.
B. the criminal cannot be held morally responsible for his or her behavior.
C. the criminal should receive psychological treatment, not punishment.
D. all of the above
68. Benedict Spinoza is an example of which of the
following positions?
A. determinism
B. dualism
C. agency theory
D. libertarianism
A. determinism
B. dualism
C. agency theory
D. libertarianism
69. According to your text, one of the three arguments
used to support libertarianism is the argument from
A. the necessity of universal causation.
B. religious experience.
C. the compatibility of freedom and determinism.
D. deliberation.
A. the necessity of universal causation.
B. religious experience.
C. the compatibility of freedom and determinism.
D. deliberation.
70. According to agency theory, the two kinds of
causes are
A. scientific causes and divine causes.
B. deterministic causes and random, indeterministic causes.
C. event-causation and agent-causation.
D. deterministic physical causes and deterministic psychological causes.
A. scientific causes and divine causes.
B. deterministic causes and random, indeterministic causes.
C. event-causation and agent-causation.
D. deterministic physical causes and deterministic psychological causes.
71. Jean-Paul Sartre refers to those events in our
past that we cannot change as our
A. facticity.
B. transcendence.
C. determining causes.
D. behavioral antecedents.
A. facticity.
B. transcendence.
C. determining causes.
D. behavioral antecedents.
72. According to Sartre, what is the significance of
the fact that you were born a certain gender?
A. You are determined to act and think a certain way because of biological causes.
B. You are conditioned to act and think a certain way by society.
C. This fact has no significance until you assign meaning to it.
D. One's gender has no significance because there is one basic, human nature that governs us all.
A. You are determined to act and think a certain way because of biological causes.
B. You are conditioned to act and think a certain way by society.
C. This fact has no significance until you assign meaning to it.
D. One's gender has no significance because there is one basic, human nature that governs us all.
73. Sartre uses the term "bad faith" to
refer to
A. a lack of religious belief.
B. our attempt to deny our freedom and responsibility for who we are.
C. the circumstances of our lives that govern how we act.
D. our failure to accept what is inevitable and meant to be.
A. a lack of religious belief.
B. our attempt to deny our freedom and responsibility for who we are.
C. the circumstances of our lives that govern how we act.
D. our failure to accept what is inevitable and meant to be.
74. The compatibilist claims that a free action is an
action which
A. is impossible.
B. lacks both a physical and a psychological cause.
C. requires one to have metaphysical freedom.
D. has, as its immediate causes, psychological states in the agent.
A. is impossible.
B. lacks both a physical and a psychological cause.
C. requires one to have metaphysical freedom.
D. has, as its immediate causes, psychological states in the agent.
75. A compatibilist would claim that if a formerly
upright citizen chooses to become a criminal, this shows that
A. people sometimes make free choices that are not determined by their personality.
B. persons can never be held morally responsible for their actions.
C. internal and external causes acted to determine the person's behavior differently than it was determined previously.
D. human behavior is too complex to know if we are free or determined.
A. people sometimes make free choices that are not determined by their personality.
B. persons can never be held morally responsible for their actions.
C. internal and external causes acted to determine the person's behavior differently than it was determined previously.
D. human behavior is too complex to know if we are free or determined.
76. In comparing (1) Gandhi fasting because he wanted
to free India and (2) a man starving in the desert, Walter Stace says
A. in both cases the action was caused and, hence, not free.
B. in (1) his action was uncaused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free.
C. in (1) his action was caused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free.
D. in (1) his action was uncaused and not free and in (2) it was caused and not free.
A. in both cases the action was caused and, hence, not free.
B. in (1) his action was uncaused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free.
C. in (1) his action was caused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free.
D. in (1) his action was uncaused and not free and in (2) it was caused and not free.
Essay Questions
77. Set out, in a series of steps, one of Descartes's
arguments for mind-body dualism. Which premise do you think is the weakest?
Why? What are some other ways the argument could be criticized?
Answer will vary
78. Discuss two of the reasons why the physicalists
think that dualism is implausible.
Answer will vary
79. What are the similarities between identity theory
and eliminativism? How do they differ?
Answer will vary
80. What happened to Phineas Gage that is relevant to
the mind-body issue? Which position could use this account as ammunition? How
so?
Answer will vary
81. What does "multiple realizability" mean?
What role does this notion play in the theory of functionalism?
Answer will vary
82. How does functionalism provide theoretical support
for the claims of many artificial intelligence researchers that computers can
think?
Answer will vary
83. What is the Turing Test? What does it try to
accomplish?
Answer will vary
84. What is the strong AI thesis? How does it differ
from the weak AI thesis? What was Descartes's view of the strong AI thesis?
What was his argument for this view? What is Marvin Minsky's evaluation of the
strong AI thesis?
Answer will vary
85. What is John Searle's Chinese room thought experiment?
What does he think it demonstrates?
Answer will vary
86. What are the similarities and differences between
libertarianism and hard determinism? What are the similarities and differences
between hard determinism and compatibilism?
Answer will vary
87. What do you think is the strongest argument for
determinism? What do you think is the strongest argument against determinism?
Which of these two arguments is the better one? Why?
Answer will vary
88. What do you think is the strongest argument for
libertarianism? What do you think is the strongest argument against
libertarianism? Which of these two arguments is the better one? Why?
Answer will vary
89. How would the determinist reply to each of the
following criticisms? (a) "When I make a choice, I could have chosen
differently." (b) "The fact that I have to deliberate before making a
decision proves that I am not determined." (c) "It is impossible to
predict another person's behavior."
Answer will vary
90. Discuss Clarence Darrow's defense of Leopold and
Loeb. How does his argument indicate that he is not a libertarian? How does his
argument indicate that he is not a compatibilist?
Answer will vary
91. What is agency theory? How does it attempt to
solve the problem of freedom and determinism?
Answer will vary
92. What does Jean-Paul Sartre mean when he says
"existence precedes essence"? Using his notions of
"facticity" and "transcendence," explain why he thinks you
are not determined even by facts over which you had no control (such as your
gender).
Answer will vary
93. Discuss why compatibilists think that determinism
and freedom are compatible. Explain how a libertarian would critique the compatibilist's
notion of "free action."
Answer will vary
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