FOR MORE OF THIS COURSE AND ANY OTHER COURSES, TEST
BANKS, FINAL EXAMS, AND SOLUTION MANUALS
CONTACT US
CHAPTER 2
GENDER
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
After reading
this chapter, students should be able to:
1.
Define
and distinguish between the terms sex and gender, and other relevant
terminology.
2.
Summarize
and compare various theories of gender role development.
3.
Discuss
how the various agents of socialization influence gender role development.
4.
Identify
the positive and negative consequences of traditional female and traditional
male gender role socialization.
5.
Discuss
the concepts of androgyny, gender role transcendence, and gender post modernism
as they relate to the future of gender roles.
TEST
QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice
1. The sex chromosomes of a normal woman are
_________; of a normal man ___________.
a. XX; XY
b. YY; XY
c. XY; XX
d. XY; YY
ANS: a PG:
32 OBJ: 2.1
2. An individual with mixed or ambiguous
genitals is
a. homosexual.
b. intersexed.
c. bisexual.
d. transsexual.
ANS: b PG:
32 OBJ: 2.1
3. What percent of births are of intersexed
individuals?
a. 20 percent
b. 12 percent
c. 2 percent
d. There are no data to answer this question.
ANS: c PG:
32 OBJ: 2.1
4. __________ refers to the biological
distinction between females and males.
a. Sex
b. Gender
c. Gender role
d. Sexual orientation
ANS: a PG:
31 OBJ: 2.1
5. The term “gender” refers to
a. biological characteristics.
b. social and psychological characteristics.
c. a transcendence of traditional roles.
d. hormonal differences.
ANS: b PG:
32 OBJ: 2.1
6. Viewing yourself as a woman or a man is a
reflection of your
a. sex.
b. gender.
c. gender identity.
d. sex role.
ANS: c PG:
34 OBJ: 2.1
7. Gender dysphoria refers to which of the
following?
a. a condition in which one’s gender identity
does not match one’s biological sex
b. a condition in which a person has both male
and female genitals
c. a condition in which a person exaggerates
his or her gender characteristics
d. a condition in which a person exhibits both
feminine and masculine personality traits
ANS: a PG:
34 OBJ: 2.1
8. Gender roles are acquired through
a. socialization.
b. biological inheritance.
c. masculinity structures.
d. cognitive restructuring.
ANS: a PG:
33 OBJ: 2.1
9. A dichotomous sex classification means that
a. heterosexual and homosexuals are recognized
and treated as equals.
b. individuals are recognized as being
primarily male or female.
c. men and women have dual androgynous
qualities.
d. the sexes are born equal but sexism
devalues and denigrates women.
ANS: b PG:
32 OBJ: 2.1
10. Thomas Beatie is known as
a. the woman who could father a child.
b. the pregnant man.
c. the transgender poster child.
d. a gay transvestite.
ANS: b PG:
34 OBJ: 2.1
11. Thomas Beatie, the pregnant man, is an
example of
a. a transsexual female to male.
b. a cross-dresser.
c. a transsexual male to female.
d. an intersexed adult.
ANS: a PG:
34 OBJ: 2.1
12. “I am a man trapped in a female body” is a
feeling expressed by
a. a transsexual.
b. a cross-dresser.
c. an intersexed person.
d. an androgynous person.
ANS: a PG:
34 OBJ: 2.1
13. Examples of ____________ include
transsexuals, cross-dressers, and transvestites.
a. bisexuals
b. transgendered persons
c. gender identity
d. sexual scripts
ANS: b PG:
34 OBJ: 2.1
14. These are the words of David Reimer who was
a biological male but was reared as a girl.
a. “I was scammed.”
b. “I loved being a girl.”
c. “I was neither a girl nor a boy but always
mixed sex.”
d. “No one asked about my sexual orientation
but I’m gay.”
ANS: a PG:
33 OBJ: 2.1
15. What percent of over 600 undergraduate
females reported that they wanted to marry a traditional man?
a. 60 percent
b. 5 percent
c. 30 percent
d. 85 percent
ANS: C PG:
35 OBJ: 2.1
16. The point of Margaret Mead’s research of
three tribes in New Guinea is that
a. human beings are mostly the result of their
genetic wiring.
b. androgyny is more “natural” than either
traditional or egalitarian roles.
c. intersexuality is present in all cultures.
d. culture constructs gender in different
ways.
ANS: d PG:
33 OBJ: 2.1
17. Which researcher was responsible for
studying gender roles in three New Guinea tribes?
a. Erica Jong
b. Carl Sagan
c. Margaret Mead
d. Alfred Kinsey
ANS: c PG:
33 OBJ: 2.1
18. Walzer (2008) noted that divorce “redoes”
gender. By this, the researcher meant that
a. the genders become transitional and meet
the definition of gender crossover.
b. women turn into breadwinners.
c. sex roles become more important than gender
roles.
d. men abandon their father role.
ANS: b PG:
35 OBJ: 2.1
19. “Undergraduate men are more likely to cheat
if they think they won’t be caught” is
a. held by undergraduate women more than
undergraduate men.
b. held by undergraduate men more than
undergraduate women.
c. held by both undergraduate women and men.
d. held by neither undergraduate women nor
men.
ANS: b PG:
35 OBJ: 2.1
20. “Bars are good places to meet a potential
partner” is a belief
a. held by undergraduate women more than
undergraduate men.
b. held by undergraduate men more than
undergraduate women.
c. held by both undergraduate women and men.
d. held by neither undergraduate women nor men.
ANS: b PG:
35 OBJ: 2.1
21. “Love is a more important factor than age
and race in choosing a mate” is a belief
a. held by undergraduate women more than
undergraduate men.
b. held by undergraduate men more than
undergraduate women.
c. held by both undergraduate women and men.
d. held by neither undergraduate women nor
men.
ANS: a PG:
35 OBJ: 2.1
22. A wet nurse, sperm donor, and child bearer
are examples of
a. sexual identity.
b. gender identity.
c. sex role.
d. gender stereotype.
ANS: c PG:
35 OBJ: 2.1
23. Which of the following is NOT a factor
reflecting the parental investment of women?
a. nine months of gestation
b. taking care of dependent offspring
c. selecting high status men with economic
resources
d. family of orientation
ANS: d PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
24. At what age does a child view gender as
permanent?
a. very early (within the first year) because
gender direction is innate
b. 3 to 4 years old
c. 6 to 7 years old
d. just before adolescence
ANS: c PG:
37 OBJ: 2.2
25. Which theory emphasizes the evolutionary
survival function of gender?
a. biosocial theory
b. cognitive developmental theory
c. social learning theory
d. identification theory
ANS: a PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
26. According to Freud, children acquire the
characteristics and behaviors of their same-sex parent through a process of
a. repression.
b. identification.
c. transference.
d. ideology.
ANS: b PG:
37 OBJ: 2.2
27. A father who punishes his son for dressing
like his mother reflects this gender theory.
a. social learning
b. cognitive developmental
c. sociobiological
d. identification
ANS: a PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
28. Which of the following theories of gender
role development emphasizes that biological readiness influences how the child
responds to gender cues in the environment?
a. sociobiological
b. social learning
c. cognitive-developmental
d. identification
ANS: c PG:
37 OBJ: 2.2
29. Four-year-old Mary tells her mother that
she does not want her hair cut short because then she will be a boy, and she
does not want to be a boy. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Mary is probably experiencing transgender
issues.
b. Mary is gender aschematic.
c. Mary probably fears her father.
d. Mary does not understand gender as
permanent.
ANS: d PG:
37 OBJ: 2.2
30. African American families are stereotyped
as being _________, but the more common pattern is that they are
_______________.
a. matriarchal; egalitarian
b. extended; restricted
c. abusive; God fearing
d. overpopulated; expanding horizontally
ANS: a PG:
38 OBJ: 2.3
31. This person is a member of the fastest
growing segment of the U.S. population.
a. African-America
b. Hispanic
c. Native-American
d. Alaskan
ANS: b PG:
38 OBJ: 2.3
32. The more religious men are, the more likely
they are to
a. adhere to traditional views of women.
b. accept women in leadership roles.
c. view women as their equal.
d. believe women are less sinful than men.
ANS: a PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
33. The fact that parents name their children
Tom or Mary, dress them in pants or dresses, and send out birth announcements
as blue or pink reflects that the family is
a. a gendered institution.
b. a sexist institution.
c. an anachronistic institution.
d. an ahistorical institution.
ANS: a PG:
38 OBJ: 2.3
34. When 9th grade children watch
“romantic” TV (soaps, Lifetime movies) they are
a. more likely to develop egalitarian gender
role attitudes.
b. more likely to develop traditional gender
role attitudes.
c. more likely to develop tolerance for
transgender people.
d. more likely to respect their parents.
ANS: b PG:
40 OBJ: 2.3
35. Parents in the United States tend to
a. be more strict on male children.
b. be more strict on female children.
c. be equally strict on both children.
d. assign more chores to boys than girls.
ANS: b PG:
38 OBJ: 2.3
36. The new gender revolution for boys would be
that
a. money does not define masculinity.
b. feelings and relationships are important.
c. job success does not define the man.
d. men should be in control of relationships.
ANS: b PG:
38 OBJ: 2.3
37. _________, such as parents, peers,
religion, and education, shape the individual toward various gender roles.
a. Agents of socialization
b. Role identifiers
c. Social forces
d. Cognitive-developmental models
ANS: a PG:
37 OBJ:
2.3
38. The concentration of men and women in
different occupations is called
a. the gender gap.
b. the work dichotomy.
c. occupational sex segregation.
d. the modern workplace.
ANS: c PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
39. Which of the following has contributed to
occupational sex segregation?
a. gender dysphoria
b. traditional gender roles
c. modern, egalitarian gender role ideology
d. laws prohibiting discrimination on the
basis of sex
ANS: b PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
40. According to Corra, et al., (2006), an
analysis of General Social Survey data over a 30 year period, women reported
_________ marital satisfaction than men.
a. lower
b. higher
c. the same
d. divided
ANS: a PG:
42 OBJ: 2.4
41. Women are more likely to contract an STD or
HIV from a man than vice versa because
a. women have more sexual partners than men.
b. women receive more body fluids from men
than vice versa.
c. women feel less assertive than men when it
comes to demanding condom use.
d. women are biologically weaker.
ANS: b PG:
42 OBJ: 2.4
42. When men occupy an occupational role, it
tends to
a. lower the status of the role.
b. create discrimination.
c. pay more.
d. pay less.
ANS: c PG:
40 OBJ: 2.4
43. Which of the following is NOT one of the
negative consequences of traditional female role socialization?
a. income
b. life expectancy
c. feminization of poverty
d. marital satisfaction level
ANS: b PG:
40 OBJ: 2.4
44. The disproportionate percentage of those
living in poverty that includes women living alone or with their children is
called
a. the feminization of poverty.
b. the pink ghetto.
c. the old girls’ club.
d. financial genderization.
ANS: a PG:
41 OBJ: 2.4
45. Positive consequences of traditional female
role socialization include
a. life expectancy.
b. marital satisfaction.
c. benevolent sexism.
d. body image.
ANS: a PG:
42 OBJ: 2.4
46. Negative consequences of traditional male
role socialization include
a. life expectancy.
b. body image.
c. job discrimination.
d. marital satisfaction.
ANS: a PG:
43 OBJ: 2.4
47. Reasons men are likely to have fewer
friends than women include all EXCEPT
a. homophobia.
b. competition with other men.
c. fear of vulnerability.
d. no interest in friendship.
ANS: d PG:
44 OBJ: 2.4
48. Ken likes to play football and cries at sad
movies. He is
a. gender dysphoric.
b. androgynous.
c. gender neutral.
d. transgendered.
ANS: b PG:
46 OBJ: 2.5
49. A person who aspires to be characterized as
an androgynous person wants to
a. have traits that are neither masculine nor
feminine.
b. end sexism and live in a world where women
and men are equal.
c. live in a world where there is no longer a
sexual double standard.
d. have a personality that reflects a blend of
masculinity and femininity.
ANS: d PG:
46 OBJ: 2.5
50. A person who has “transcended” gender roles
is one who
a. can cry or be aggressive without regard to
whether this is like a woman or man.
b. has succeeded in becoming like the other
gender.
c. aspires to be androgynous.
d. prefers to be called a transgendered
person.
ANS: a PG:
47 OBJ: 2.5
51. _________ involves a blend of traits that
are stereotypically associated with masculinity and femininity.
a. Gender dysphoria
b. Androgyny
c. Gender role transference
d. S/he
ANS: b PG: 46 OBJ: 2.5
52. Gender postmodernism calls for a new
category (third sex) of people who
a. would be recognized as capable of many
different identities.
b. would be intersexed.
c. would be biologically altered.
d. would capture the highest social position
in society.
ANS: a PG:
48 OBJ: 2.5
True-False
1. Women are more likely than men to believe
that love is more important than race and age in selecting a partner.
ANS: T PG:
35 OBJ: 2.1
2. Men tend to see themselves (and women
agree) as competitive, sarcastic, and sexual.
ANS: T PG:
32 OBJ: 2.1
3. Biosocial theory emphasizes the importance
of learning to the acquisition of gender roles.
ANS: F PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
4. Maria and Steven attend church regularly.
One prediction of their gender role ideology is that they are traditional which
is the gender role influence of religion.
ANS: T PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
5. The Roman Catholic Church has become a
model of gender equality in that now almost half of all clergy are female.
ANS: F PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
6. Recent data on prime television programs
reveal that traditional scripting (e.g. men are dominant and “need” sex; women
are passive and valued for their bodies) is no longer operative.
ANS: F PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
7. American females can expect to live longer
than American males.
ANS: T PG:
42 OBJ: 2.4
8. Women still earn about two thirds of what
men earn.
ANS: T PG:
40 OBJ: 2.4
9. Men are more likely to contract STDs and
HIV from women than women are from men.
ANS: F PG:
42 OBJ: 2.4
10. Androgynous people are individuals who want
to have surgery to alter their genitals so that they can become a member of the
other sex.
ANS: F PG:
46 OBJ: 2.5
11. Physiological androgyny refers to
intersexed individuals.
ANS: T PG:
46 OBJ: 2.5
Short Answer
1. Differentiate between the terms: sex,
gender, gender role, gender role ideology and transgenderism.
ANS: Will vary PG:
31-36 OBJ: 2.1
2. What does it mean to be transgendered? What
are the different ways to be transgendered?
ANS: Will vary PG:
34 OBJ: 2.1
3. Explain the idea that “biological sex may
be viewed as existing on a continuum, rather than as two discrete categories
(male and female).”
ANS: Will vary PG:
32 OBJ: 2.1
4. What is “parental investment” and which
gender is likely to experience more of it?
ANS: Will vary PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
5. Use the biosocial framework to explain why
women tend to select high status, economically secure men to marry.
ANS: Will vary PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
6. Criticize the biosocial framework which
suggests that women seek men with economic resources.
ANS: Will vary PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
7. How does religion influence the development
of traditional gender role beliefs/attitudes?
ANS: Will vary PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
8. What is occupational sex segregation? Why
does it occur?
ANS: Will vary PG:
39 OBJ: 2.3
9. In what ways do males benefit from
traditional gender socialization?
ANS: Will vary PG:
45-46 OBJ: 2.4
10. Describe the concepts of gender role
transcendence and gender postmodernism.
ANS: Will vary PG:
46-47 OBJ: 2.5
Essay
1. Describe the case of David Reimer (the boy
who was raised as a girl). Explain what is can tell us about the development of
gender identity.
ANS: Will vary PG:
33 OBJ: 2.1
2. Compare and contrast the biosocial theory
of gender development with the social learning theory of gender development.
ANS: Will vary PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
3. Explain how greater parental investment of
women influences their selection of a mate.
ANS: Will vary PG:
36 OBJ: 2.2
4. Discuss and give examples of the ways in
which the various agents of socialization (e.g., family, religion, etc.)
influence the development of gender role attitudes and behaviors.
ANS: Will vary PG:
37-44 OBJ: 2.3
5. Discuss the positive and negative
consequences of traditional gender role socialization.
ANS: Will vary PG:
40-44 OBJ: 2.4
No comments:
Post a Comment