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CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION AND IDENTITY
Creating and Presenting the Self
TRUE/FALSE
1. Identity management occurs only in
face-to-face interactions.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
2. Research indicates that mediated
communication offers advantages for identity management.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
3. The influence of significant others becomes
less powerful as we grow older.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
4. The self-concept is extremely resistant to
change.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
5. Compared with face-to-face interaction,
online communication tends to limit the control we have over managing
impressions.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
6. In many cases a self-concept is based on data
which may have been true at one time, but are now obsolete.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
7. People with high self-esteem tend to
disapprove of others more than people with low self-esteem.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
8. People who think highly of themselves are
likely to think highly of others too.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
9. Our concept of self is shaped by the culture
in which we have been reared.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
10. The self-concept is a relatively stable set
of perceptions you hold of yourself.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
11. The self-concept is a constantly changing set
of perceptions that others have of you.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
12. Personality traits are largely a result of
genetics rather than of socialization.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
13. We tend to resist revising our own
self-concept even if the new self image is more positive.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
14. All inaccurate self-concepts are overly
negative.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
15. It is possible to have a more favorable image
of yourself than the objective facts or the opinions of others warrant.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
16. The person you believe yourself to be in
moments of honesty is called the presenting self.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
17. The face you try to show to others is called
the perceived self.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
18. The text advises that we shouldn’t
acknowledge our strengths because we will develop overly positive, distorted
self-concepts.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
19. Most Western cultures have what is called a
collective identity.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
20. Nonverbal behaviors play a big role in
managing impressions.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
21. The process of identity management can result
in dishonest behavior.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
22. Most researchers agree that we are born with
many of our personality traits.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
23. According to your text, the self-concept
influences much of our future behavior.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
24. Luckily, communication from others does not
affect our self-concept.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
25. You shouldn’t listen to the “boosters” and
“busters” others give you since your self-concept is only your view of
yourself.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
26. All communication behavior is aimed at making
impressions.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
27. Cognitive conservatism is the tendency to
cling to an existing self-concept, even when evidence shows that it is no
longer the case.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
28. The self-concept is a product of the positive
and negative messages you have received throughout your life.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
29. Opinions of family members or teachers early
in your life have little impact on the formation of your self-concept.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
30. Some individuals view themselves more
favorably than what the real facts indicate.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
31. In a culture such as China or Japan, speaking
directly is considered desirable.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
32. A competent communicator is able to call on
different identities when necessary.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
33. Being a male or female makes little
difference in how others communicate with us.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
34. Defensiveness can become a problem for
someone who is presented with information that contradicts his/her
self-perception.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
35. The only type of self-fulfilling prophecy
that can occur is when your own expectations influence your behavior.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
36. According to your text, being a high
self-monitor is helpful when we want to deliberately manage our impressions.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
37. Managing your identity can be useful when you
are meeting someone at a party for the first time.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
38. How you feel about yourself does not
influence your self-concept.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
39. A high level of self-esteem guarantees
interpersonal success.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
40. Interpersonal experiences can shape your
personality.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
41. All of the men in one study ranked themselves
in the top half of the population in terms of their ability to get along with
others.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
42. Young women struggle more with their
self-esteem than do young men.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
43. Changing an obselete or distorted
self-concept can be a good thing.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
44. The authors suggest one way to change your
self-concept is to observe a person you admire.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
45. In one study of college men and women, only
the men wanted their public selves to be viewed differently from their
perceived selves.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
46. Regularly viewing your own Facebook page can
actually enhance your self-esteem.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
47. Your well-constructed and carefully-managed
Facebook profile can serve as an ego-booster to you.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
48. Selectively “friending” only people who
stroke your ego can lead to a distorted self-concept.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
49. In the workplace, it might be a better idea
to withhold information than to lie or intentionally deceive.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
50. Your text suggests that while benevolent lies
are common, the truth is always the best course of action.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
51. Self-disclosure must be frequent to be
effective.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
52. Cliches
are the most revealing type of communication.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
53. A secret that has never before been shared
with anyone would qualify as a deep disclosure.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
54. A well-documented conclusion from research is
that one act of self-disclosure usually begets another.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
55. In interpersonal relationships, the rule is:
The more self-disclosure the better.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
56. Since they are honest and true, comments to
another, like “I’ve always thought you were a bit flaky,” have constructive
effects in self-disclosure.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
57. Lies may help us avoid embarrassment.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
58. Couples are happiest when their levels of
openness are roughly equal.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
59. Hints are more direct than equivocal
statements.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
60. Most research shows that lies are almost
always told for the benefit of the recipient.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
61. Your text makes the case that hints, benign
lies, and equivocations are sometimes ethical alternatives to telling the
truth.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
62. Self-disclosure of personal thoughts and
feelings may be inappropriate and risky in the work setting.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
63. All self-disclosure is reciprocal.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
64. As a general rule, the best way to develop a
positive interpersonal relationship is usually to begin that relationship by
revealing a great amount of highly personal information about yourself.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
65. According to the text, real self-disclosure
does not involve attempts at control of the other.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
66. The “Blind” window of the Johari model
represents things about yourself that another may know about you, but you do
not.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
67. The “Unknown” window of the Johari model
represents things about yourself that another knows, but you do not.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
68. The social penetration model represents both
the breadth and the depth of your self-disclosure with another person.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
69. Not all self-disclosure draws people closer.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
70. Research shows that deception threatens
relationships.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
71. Some lies are designed to initiate
interaction.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
72. If faced with a choice to tell a face-saving
lie or deliver an equivocal message, most people will tell the lie.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
73. Research supports that the quality of
self-disclosure is not linked to marital satisfaction.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
74. The most intimate relationships are those in
which disclosure is great in both breadth and depth.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
75. “Talking a problem out” can be helpful in
clarifying your beliefs, opinions, thoughts, attitudes, and feelings.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
76. Reciprocity usually occurs on a turn-by-turn
basis.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
77. Silence is never an appropriate alternative
to self-disclosure because it indicates a lack of interest in the relationship.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
78. One study of deception determined that the
average lie rate was 5 fibs every 10 minutes of conversation.
A. True
B. False
ANS: F PTS: 1
79. Anonymously sharing your secret online with
others who do the same may have a cathartic effect.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
80. A high amount of self-monitoring is helpful
in situations of deliberate identity management, such as a job interview.
A. True
B. False
ANS: T PTS: 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Research described in your text about
mediated communication suggests that
|
A.
|
it may be an advantage for creating a desired impression.
|
|
B.
|
it permits a responder to ignore a message rather than be unpleasant.
|
|
C.
|
it can lack the “richness” of many nonverbal channels.
|
|
D.
|
all of the above are supported by research.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above are supported by research.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
2. In the example of schoolchildren taken from
the book Pygmalion in the Classroom,
|
A.
|
the less intelligent children performed better than expected.
|
|
B.
|
the more intelligent children performed better than expected.
|
|
C.
|
the children teachers predicted would do better, did so.
|
|
D.
|
all the children performed the same because they had similar
self-concepts.
|
|
E.
|
teachers improved their self-concepts by working with good children.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
3. Self-fulfilling prophecies are
|
A.
|
negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by others.
|
|
B.
|
negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by ourselves.
|
|
C.
|
positive or negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by others
and/or ourselves.
|
|
D.
|
almost always negative predictions, imposed by ourselves and/or
others.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
4. Which of the following is not an example of a
self-fulfilling prophecy?
|
A.
|
A child fails a test after hearing her teacher tell her mother that
she never does well on tests.
|
|
B.
|
A student who previously complained of stage fright loses his place
during a class speech and can’t go on.
|
|
C.
|
A husband reluctantly agrees, with reservations, to his wife’s request
that they spend the holiday visiting Disneyland. He has a terrible time.
|
|
D.
|
Both b and c above qualify as examples of self-fulfilling prophecies.
|
|
E.
|
All of the above qualify as examples of self-fulfilling prophecies.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
5. All of the following are true of the
self-concept except that
|
A.
|
it is objective.
|
|
B.
|
it is changing.
|
|
C.
|
it is, in part, a product of interaction with others.
|
|
D.
|
it is, in part, a product of our early childhood experience.
|
|
E.
|
it can be changed.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
6. The term “self-concept” refers to
|
A.
|
the sum of one’s physiological, social, and psychological attributes
as perceived by an impartial observer.
|
|
B.
|
the way an individual believes others perceive her/him.
|
|
C.
|
the total of an individual’s own beliefs about his/her physical
characteristics, intelligence, aptitudes, and social skills.
|
|
D.
|
the sum of one’s psychological, social, and physical attributes as
perceived by a significant other.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
7. A “significant other” is best defined as
|
A.
|
a powerful adult.
|
|
B.
|
a person who is likely to or has affected one’s self-concept.
|
|
C.
|
a totally supportive person.
|
|
D.
|
an extremely negative influence.
|
|
E.
|
all of the above.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
8. According to your text, “ego-boosters and
busters” are
|
A.
|
examples of how people ruin their self-concepts by taking drugs.
|
|
B.
|
people or messages that influence the self-concept positively or
negatively.
|
|
C.
|
the two essential elements of self-concept development.
|
|
D.
|
ways to predict how children will become good or bad readers.
|
|
E.
|
intentionally vague labels we give to mask true self-concepts.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
9. The relatively stable set of perceptions you
hold of yourself is called your
|
A.
|
self-concept.
|
|
B.
|
interpersonal self.
|
|
C.
|
perceptual bias.
|
|
D.
|
self-feedback.
|
|
E.
|
self-orientation.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
10. A self-fulfilling prophecy is
|
A.
|
an accurate prediction about another’s behavior, based on background
knowledge.
|
|
B.
|
a prediction about one’s own behavior, based on past experience.
|
|
C.
|
a prediction that affects the outcome of one’s own or another’s
behavior.
|
|
D.
|
a mistaken prediction which fails to occur.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
11. In individualistic cultures, a view of the
self would involve all of the following except
|
A.
|
self-sufficiency.
|
|
B.
|
high value on tradition.
|
|
C.
|
high value on equality.
|
|
D.
|
high value on change.
|
|
E.
|
personal credit or blame.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
12. Someone who is a “significant other” is
|
A.
|
“socially” conscious.
|
|
B.
|
a person whose opinion we especially value.
|
|
C.
|
always a supportive person.
|
|
D.
|
a person with significant goals.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
13. If you want to change your self-concept, you
should
|
A.
|
have realistic expectations and perceptions.
|
|
B.
|
ask others to send you only positive messages.
|
|
C.
|
take yourself less seriously.
|
|
D.
|
It is not possible to change the self-concept.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
14. People who have low self-esteem
|
A.
|
are likely to approve of others.
|
|
B.
|
perform well when being watched.
|
|
C.
|
work harder for critical people.
|
|
D.
|
expect to be rejected by others.
|
|
E.
|
had traumatic childhoods.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
15. People who have high self-esteem
|
A.
|
expect to be accepted by others.
|
|
B.
|
have less of a need to work hard for people who demand high standards.
|
|
C.
|
are unable to defend themselves against negative comments.
|
|
D.
|
don’t perform well when being watched.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
16. The kind of person you believe yourself to be
is called the
|
A.
|
perceived self.
|
|
B.
|
desired self.
|
|
C.
|
presenting self.
|
|
D.
|
myth of self.
|
|
E.
|
transient self.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
17. All of the following are examples of social
comparison except
|
A.
|
being judged for a test based on other student’s grades.
|
|
B.
|
thinking over how you have added muscle mass in the last four months.
|
|
C.
|
deciding to go on a diet after looking at models in a magazine.
|
|
D.
|
judging your fitness level in contrast to others in the gym.
|
|
E.
|
all of the above are examples of social comparison.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
18. “Reference groups” are
|
A.
|
people whose self-concepts we have influenced.
|
|
B.
|
individuals whose self-esteem has been diminished.
|
|
C.
|
groups against which a person compares him/herself.
|
|
D.
|
groups formed to improve shaky self-esteem.
|
|
E.
|
people who hang around the library.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
19. According to your text, telling ourselves we
“can’t” change our self-concept could
|
A.
|
let others share control in the relationship.
|
|
B.
|
help us accept our limitations.
|
|
C.
|
create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
|
|
D.
|
express equality through our humanity.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
20. The tendency to seek and attend to
information that conforms to an existing self-concept has been labeled
|
A.
|
reflected appraisal.
|
|
B.
|
significance posturing.
|
|
C.
|
the stability hypothesis.
|
|
D.
|
cognitive conservatism.
|
|
E.
|
the weak spine phenomenon.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
21. The communication strategies people use to
influence how others view them is the process of
|
A.
|
ego-video.
|
|
B.
|
reflected appraisal.
|
|
C.
|
manipulation.
|
|
D.
|
social ethics.
|
|
E.
|
identity management.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
22. People who hold excessively negative
self-evaluations of themselves may do so due to
|
A.
|
distorted feedback.
|
|
B.
|
society’s emphasis on perfection.
|
|
C.
|
obsolete information.
|
|
D.
|
social expectations.
|
|
E.
|
all of the above.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
23. Kiko still thinks of herself as a struggling
student although as a college student her GPA is a 3.5. This is an example of
|
A.
|
self-monitoring.
|
|
B.
|
self-fulfilling prophecy.
|
|
C.
|
cognitive conservatism.
|
|
D.
|
myth of perfection.
|
|
E.
|
distorted feedback.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
24. People try to manage their identities in
order to
|
A.
|
initiate a relationship.
|
|
B.
|
save another’s face.
|
|
C.
|
get others to do something they want.
|
|
D.
|
none of the above.
|
|
E.
|
all of the above.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
25. According to your text, all of the following
are ways that can help in changing your self-concept except
|
A.
|
seeking advice from books and others.
|
|
B.
|
being realistic in how you perceive yourself.
|
|
C.
|
determining what may be inaccurate feedback from others.
|
|
D.
|
being willing to change.
|
|
E.
|
comparing yourself to people in the mass media.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
26. The characteristic ways you think and behave
across a variety of situations describes your
|
A.
|
self-concept.
|
|
B.
|
personality.
|
|
C.
|
self-esteem.
|
|
D.
|
self-worth.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
27. When Joe hangs his framed medical degrees on
his office wall he is managing his identity through
|
A.
|
appearance.
|
|
B.
|
manner.
|
|
C.
|
setting.
|
|
D.
|
image.
|
|
E.
|
role.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
28. To say that identity management is
collaborative means that
|
A.
|
both people communicating agree with each other.
|
|
B.
|
each person creates an identity in response to the other’s behavior.
|
|
C.
|
each person creates a similar identity.
|
|
D.
|
both people decide on their identities together.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
29. The process whereby the self-concept develops
due to the way we believe others see us is called
|
A.
|
reflected appraisal.
|
|
B.
|
social comparison.
|
|
C.
|
feedback.
|
|
D.
|
other-imposed prophecy.
|
|
E.
|
distortion.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
30. An example of a presenting self is
|
A.
|
Minh is very attentive in class and asks questions about the material
to her professor.
|
|
B.
|
Minh regularly calls her friends, remembers birthdays, and listens to
friends’ problems.
|
|
C.
|
Minh is never late for work, volunteers for work committees, and turns
in work on time.
|
|
D.
|
all of the above.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
31. Psyching yourself up before a soccer game is
an example of
|
A.
|
positive prediction.
|
|
B.
|
a self-imposed prophecy.
|
|
C.
|
other-imposed prophecy.
|
|
D.
|
anxiety reduction.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
32. Which of the following does not characterize
identity management?
|
A.
|
Identity management is collaborative.
|
|
B.
|
We construct multiple identities.
|
|
C.
|
Collaboration in identity management doesn’t mean the same thing as
agreement.
|
|
D.
|
Identity management is always deliberate.
|
|
E.
|
Not all behavior is aimed at making impressions.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
33. Popular TV shows featuring makeovers suggest
to us that our appearance must be improved, which can lead us to feel worse
about ourselves. This idea best relates to
|
A.
|
reflected appraisal.
|
|
B.
|
social comparison.
|
|
C.
|
self-fulfilling prophecy.
|
|
D.
|
identity management.
|
|
E.
|
presenting self.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
34. Chandra looking at many different Facebook
profiles and then feeling better about herself is an example of
|
A.
|
reflected appraisal.
|
|
B.
|
social comparison.
|
|
C.
|
self-fulfilling prophecy.
|
|
D.
|
identity management.
|
|
E.
|
presenting self.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
35. The ability to manage identities in different
settings and cultures is a feature of
|
A.
|
high self-esteem.
|
|
B.
|
too much self-disclosure.
|
|
C.
|
social exchange theory.
|
|
D.
|
communication competence.
|
|
E.
|
equivocation.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
36. Googling your own name to see what comes up
might inspire you to manage your public identity by engaging in
|
A.
|
self-disclosure.
|
|
B.
|
lying.
|
|
C.
|
reputation management.
|
|
D.
|
catharsis.
|
|
E.
|
cognitive conservatism.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
37. The popular term known as “TMI” best relates
to which of these guidelines for self-disclosure?
|
A.
|
Is the other person important to you?
|
|
B.
|
Are the amount and type of disclosure appropriate?
|
|
C.
|
Is the self-disclosure reciprocated?
|
|
D.
|
Do you have a moral obligation to disclose?
|
|
E.
|
none of the above
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
38. In the “Talking with Little Girls” reading,
Lisa Bloom writes about
|
A.
|
how important it is to compliment a little girl’s appearance.
|
|
B.
|
how we should consider sending messages to little girls that we value
their brains .
|
|
C.
|
how saying “How cute you are” to a little girl when you first see her
teaches her that looks are more important than anything.
|
|
D.
|
both b and c.
|
|
E.
|
all of the above.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
39. Which of the following statements summarizes
Lexie Lopez-Mayo’s thoughts in the “Looking at Diversity” reading?
|
A.
|
Culture plays a role in self-disclosure and communication.
|
|
B.
|
Gender plays a role in self-disclosure and communication.
|
|
C.
|
Personality plays a role in self-disclosure and communication.
|
|
D.
|
All of the above are true statements.
|
|
E.
|
None of the above are true statements.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
40. Quadrants of the Johari Window are
|
A.
|
open, narrow, blind, unknown.
|
|
B.
|
open, hidden, blind, unknown.
|
|
C.
|
broad, narrow, blind, unknown.
|
|
D.
|
open, hidden, neutral, unknown.
|
|
E.
|
open, closed, neutral, unknown.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
41. Which of the following best fits the
definition of self-disclosure?
|
A.
|
telling your romantic partner about your feelings toward him/her
|
|
B.
|
telling your college teacher about past grades
|
|
C.
|
telling your mother your weight
|
|
D.
|
telling your family physician about your health
|
|
E.
|
telling anyone anything about you
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
42. Privacy management means
|
A.
|
the choices we make to reveal or conceal information about ourselves.
|
|
B.
|
weighing the pros and cons of self-disclosing.
|
|
C.
|
making a conscious and deliberate decision to self-disclose.
|
|
D.
|
all of the above.
|
|
E.
|
none of the above.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
43. In the Chapter Nine “Communication
Transcript,” Ramon discloses to his boss, Julie. Which of the following
guidelines for self-disclosure did Ramon seem to ignore as he talked with her?
|
A.
|
Ask yourself if the risk of disclosure is reasonable.
|
|
B.
|
Determine if the self-disclosure is relevant to the situation at hand.
|
|
C.
|
Decide if the other person is important to you.
|
|
D.
|
Select the appropriate amount and type of self-disclosure.
|
|
E.
|
Ramon ignored all of the guidelines.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
44. According to your text, all of the following
are reasons people choose to be somewhat deceitful in relationships except
|
A.
|
to guide social interaction.
|
|
B.
|
to empower others.
|
|
C.
|
to save face.
|
|
D.
|
to avoid conflict.
|
|
E.
|
to manage resources.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
45. You’ve just delivered a speech to your
classmates which none of them liked very much. According to your text, which of
the following is the response you are most likely to hear when you ask them how
you did?
|
A.
|
“You did a great job.”
|
|
B.
|
“I’m nervous about my speech tomorrow.”
|
|
C.
|
“I don’t think it was a very good speech.”
|
|
D.
|
“You made some interesting points.”
|
|
E.
|
None of these answers are correct.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
46. The Johari Window is an important device to
help explore the role
|
A.
|
coding plays in communication.
|
|
B.
|
interpretation plays in clarifying understanding.
|
|
C.
|
feedback plays in negative relationships.
|
|
D.
|
self-disclosure plays in communication.
|
|
E.
|
affection needs play in strong relationships.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
47. According to the text, which of the following
is good advice about self-disclosure?
|
A.
|
Wait for the other person to open up before you do.
|
|
B.
|
The more self-disclosure, the better.
|
|
C.
|
Self-disclosure is most productive when delivered in a constructive
manner.
|
|
D.
|
Most relationships are characterized by almost constant amounts of
self-disclosure.
|
|
E.
|
It’s best to accompany each piece of negative self-disclosure with a
compliment to soften any hurt.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
48. The social penetration model by Altman and
Taylor
|
A.
|
shows ways in which a relationship can be more or less intimate.
|
|
B.
|
suggests how relationships can operate on superficial or more personal
levels.
|
|
C.
|
defines a relationship in terms of its breadth and depth.
|
|
D.
|
helps identify why certain relationships are strong or weak.
|
|
E.
|
All of these answers are correct.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
49. To qualify as self-disclosure, a statement
must
|
A.
|
involve feelings.
|
|
B.
|
be deliberate, significant, and not otherwise known.
|
|
C.
|
be reciprocated by the same type of statement from a partner.
|
|
D.
|
involve intimate information.
|
|
E.
|
be shared privately.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
50. The process of deliberately revealing
information about oneself that is significant and would not normally be known
by others is
|
A.
|
social penetration.
|
|
B.
|
equivocation.
|
|
C.
|
self-disclosure.
|
|
D.
|
intimacy.
|
|
E.
|
reciprocity.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
51. According to the Altman and Taylor model, the
dimension of self-disclosure where information shared moves from being
impersonal to more personal is called
|
A.
|
breadth.
|
|
B.
|
social penetration.
|
|
C.
|
variety.
|
|
D.
|
depth.
|
|
E.
|
equivocation.
|
ANS: D PTS: 1
52. What makes the disclosure in some messages
deeper than others?
|
A.
|
Some revelations are more significant than others.
|
|
B.
|
Communicators have reached the level of sharing feelings.
|
|
C.
|
Some revelations are considered very private.
|
|
D.
|
None of these answers are correct are reasons.
|
|
E.
|
All of these answer are correct are reasons.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
53. Saying “I love my family” versus “I love you”
exemplifies that some disclosures are deeper than others in terms of
|
A.
|
being personal.
|
|
B.
|
significance.
|
|
C.
|
how private they are.
|
|
D.
|
reciprocity.
|
|
E.
|
believability.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
54. When deciding how much to disclose, you
should consider
|
A.
|
if the other person is important to you.
|
|
B.
|
whether the amount and type of disclosure is appropriate.
|
|
C.
|
whether you have a moral obligation to do so.
|
|
D.
|
whether the risk is reasonable.
|
|
E.
|
All are factors to consider.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
55. Saying to a friend, “I’ve always thought you
weren’t too bright,” might show you didn’t consider what guideline for self-disclosure?
|
A.
|
Is the other person important to you?
|
|
B.
|
Will the effect of the disclosure be constructive?
|
|
C.
|
Is the amount of disclosure appropriate?
|
|
D.
|
Is the type of disclosure appropriate?
|
|
E.
|
Do you have a moral obligation to disclose?
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
56. Of the following, what is not considered a
benefit of self-disclosure?
|
A.
|
self-validation
|
|
B.
|
catharsis
|
|
C.
|
self-clarification
|
|
D.
|
reciprocity
|
|
E.
|
increased likeability
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
57. Of the following, what is not considered a
risk of self-disclosure?
|
A.
|
loss of influence
|
|
B.
|
negative impression
|
|
C.
|
decrease in number of relationships
|
|
D.
|
fear of disapproval
|
|
E.
|
decrease in relational satisfaction
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
58. All of the following are alternatives to
self-disclosure except
|
A.
|
lying
|
|
B.
|
silence
|
|
C.
|
reciprocity
|
|
D.
|
equivocation
|
|
E.
|
hinting
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
59. A benevolent lie
|
A.
|
is considered nonmalicious.
|
|
B.
|
is never appropriate for someone who has morals.
|
|
C.
|
will generally hurt another.
|
|
D.
|
will only be considered helpful in extreme situations.
|
|
E.
|
None of these answers are correct are true.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
60. In one study of 130 subjects who kept track
of the truthfulness of their everyday, conversational statements,
|
A.
|
25 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
|
|
B.
|
38.5 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
|
|
C.
|
55.5 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
|
|
D.
|
66 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
|
|
E.
|
75 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
61. One experiment determined that the average
lie rate was
|
A.
|
3 fibs for every 10 minutes of conversation.
|
|
B.
|
5 fibs for every 10 minutes of conversation.
|
|
C.
|
7 fibs for every 10 minutes of conversation.
|
|
D.
|
1 fib for every 5 minutes of conversation.
|
|
E.
|
10 fibs for every 15 minutes of conversation.
|
ANS: A PTS: 1
62. When Kathy told Abraham, “I’m just not ready
for a serious relationship right now,” instead of saying, “I’m not attracted to
you,” she was
|
A.
|
lying.
|
|
B.
|
equivocating.
|
|
C.
|
hinting.
|
|
D.
|
placating.
|
|
E.
|
self-disclosing.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
63. Equivocating can be advantageous because it
|
A.
|
can save face for both the sender and receiver.
|
|
B.
|
provides an alternative to lying.
|
|
C.
|
spares the receiver from embarrassment.
|
|
D.
|
spares the teller from feeling guilty.
|
|
E.
|
All of these answers are correct or true.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
64. If someone says, “I really have to go. I
should be studying for a test tomorrow,” he/she would be lying in order to
|
A.
|
acquire resources.
|
|
B.
|
protect resources.
|
|
C.
|
avoid interaction with another.
|
|
D.
|
avoid tension.
|
|
E.
|
show they’re in control of a situation.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
65. Of the following, what is not considered an
effect of lying?
|
A.
|
Once lied to, you may need to redefine previous messages from the
liar.
|
|
B.
|
Deception is more acceptable depending on the liar’s motives.
|
|
C.
|
A lie will be considered a transgression if it is exploitive.
|
|
D.
|
The importance of the information lied about is a key factor in
provoking a relational crisis.
|
|
E.
|
All of these answers can be effects.
|
ANS: E PTS: 1
66. According to your text, hinting
|
A.
|
is less direct than an equivocal statement.
|
|
B.
|
aims to get a desired response from others.
|
|
C.
|
is not considered an alternative to lying.
|
|
D.
|
is not considered face-saving.
|
|
E.
|
doesn’t depend on the other’s ability to pick up the unexpressed
message.
|
ANS: B PTS: 1
67. “I’m pretty sure that smoking isn’t permitted
here,” is an example of
|
A.
|
lying.
|
|
B.
|
equivocating.
|
|
C.
|
hinting.
|
|
D.
|
self-disclosure.
|
|
E.
|
social penetration.
|
ANS: C PTS: 1
MATCHING
Match each description below with the most accurate term.
|
A.
|
reflected appraisal
|
|
B.
|
significant other
|
|
C.
|
cognitive conservatism
|
|
D.
|
presenting self
|
|
E.
|
perceived self
|
1. The private self you honestly believe you are
2. The tendency to cling to an existing
self-concept
3. A person who opinion we especially value
4. Process of judging ourselves by the
evaluations of others
5. The “face” you show to others
1. ANS: E PTS: 1
2. ANS: C PTS: 1
3. ANS: B PTS: 1
4. ANS: A PTS: 1
5. ANS: D PTS: 1
Match the statment below with the term it best describes.
|
A.
|
definition of self-disclosure
|
D.
|
social penetration
|
|
B.
|
significant self-disclosure
|
E.
|
deliberate self-disclosure
|
|
C.
|
Johari Window
|
||
6. Model to explore the role that
self-disclosure plays in interpersonal communication
7. Model to examine breadth and depth of
self-disclosure
8. Sharing a secret that you’ve never told
anyone
9. Deliberately revealing signficant personal
information that would not normally be known by others
10. Setting up a lunch date in order to reveal
your feelings to your romantic partner
6. ANS: C PTS: 1
7. ANS: D PTS: 1
8. ANS: B PTS: 1
9. ANS: A PTS: 1
10. ANS: E PTS: 1
ESSAY
1. Your textbook authors give some suggestions
about how to embrace a more positive self-image. Think about some aspects of
your self-concept you would like to change. Next, for each, explain whether (1)
you have a realistic perception of yourself in this area, 2) you have realistic
expectations of yourself in this area, 3) you are or aren’t willing to do what
it takes to change, 4) you have enough information and know-how to carry out
the change.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
2. Describe two people for whom you are a
significant other. Describe your communication behavior with each of them,
giving examples of how (a) you deliver “booster” and “buster” messages to each
of them; (b) you create self-fulfilling prophecies that work for and against
each of them; and (c) they allow your communication with them to affect their
behavior.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
3. Describe a recent self-fulfilling prophecy
which you have imposed upon yourself that affects your communication. In what
cases have you imposed it? What have the results been? How realistic was the
prophecy? Does answering these questions change how you’ll talk to yourself in
the future? How? Next, describe a self-fulfilling prophecy you have imposed
upon another person. How did you communicate it (i.e., what messages did you
send, and what channels did you use)? What effect did your prophecy have upon
your partner? Does answering this question affect how you’ll communicate with
the other person in the future? How?
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
4. Explain how you managed impressions with
others in a recent important event in your life. Cite the reasons why you
managed impressions and then evaluate the way you presented yourself.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
5. Describe how you have managed your manner,
appearance, and setting to create desired impressions in two different specific
instances.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
6. Exlain the concept of reflected appraisal.
Choose two people in your life who have contributed to how you view yourself
and how their communication contributed to who you are today.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
7. Explain the characteristic, “The self-concept
is subjective.” Discuss the reasons why a distorted self-concept can occur.
Using personal examples, also discuss how your self-concept has been affected
by distortion.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
8. Explain the relationship between self-concept,
self-esteem, and communication.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
9. Discuss how communication played a role in
shaping who you are today. Then, discuss how who you are today affects your
communication with others. Give examples.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
10. Does the technology of mediated communication
limit or enhance opportunities for impression management? Explain and support
your answer.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
11. Explain several ways that mass media and technology
contribute to the shaping of our self-concept.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
12. Referring to the reasons for deceit explained
in your chapter, analyze a current relationship you are in according to the
degrees of truthfulness and deceit. Are you satisfied with the level of
honesty? Explain your answer.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
13. Using the social penetration model in your
text, describe the breadth and depth of one important interpersonal
relationship you have. Explain why you are satisfied/unsatisfied with this
relationship.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
14. Draw a Johari Window describing your
relationship with an important person in your life. Comment on which parts of
yourself you keep in the “hidden” area, and explain your reasons for doing so.
Describe the benefits and costs of not disclosing these parts of your
personality. Next, look at the size of the “blind” area model. Is the blind
area large or small because of the amount of feedback you get from the other person,
or because of the way you react to the feedback you do get? How would a window
describing your partner’s relationship with a mutual friend look similar to
yours? Different? Explain. Are you satisfied with the kind of relationship your
windows describe? If not, what could you do to change it?
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
15. Your text described several reasons people
tell lies. Provide examples of lies you have told or have been told to you that
illustrate three of the different reasons for lying. Discuss whether or not
each of these lies was a “benevolent lie” or not and why.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
16. Discuss the various benefits and risks of
self-disclosure. Provide examples from your own life where you have experienced
both the benefits and risks.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
17. Explain how the tendency of disinhibition
(from Chapter 1) relates to the risks of self-disclosure. Discuss how
disinhibition may impact opportunities for impression management.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
18. For each of the four examples under the
heading “Alternatives to Self-Disclosure” on pp. 66-67, describe how you would
choose to respond. Identify your interpersonal goal for each situation, and
then explain why your choice is appropriate.
ANS:
Answers will vary
PTS: 1
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